Module `quanscient`

This is the python binding for the 'PYSIMCORE' c++ library.

Functions

`abs`

def abs(
    input: expression
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This returns an expression that is the absolute value of the input expression.

Example

>>> expr = abs(-2.5)
>>> expr.print();
Expression size is 1x1
 @ row 0, col 0 :
2.5

`acos`

def acos(
    input: expression
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This returns an expression that is the or of input. The output expression is in radians.

Example

>>> expr = acos(0)
>>> expr.print();                    # in radians
Expression size is 1x1
 @ row 0, col 0 :
1.5708
>>>
>>> (expr * 180/getpi()).print();    # in degrees
Expression size is 1x1
 @ row 0, col 0 :
90

`adapt`

def adapt(
    verbosity: int = 0
) ‑> bool

This function is used to perform a h/p/hp adaptation according to the defined h/p/hp adaptivity settings. To define the h-adaptivity use function mesh.setadaptivity(). To define a p-adaptivity for a field use function field.setorder().

The function returns True if the mesh or any field order was changed by the adaption and returns False if no changes were made.

Example

>>> all = 1
>>> q = shape("quadrangle", all, [0,0,0, 1,0,0, 1.2,1,0, 0,1,0], [5,5,5,5])
>>> mymesh = mesh([q])
>>> x = field("x"); y = field("y")
>>> criterion = 1 + sin(10*x)*sin(10*y)
>>>
>>> mymesh.setadaptivity(criterion, 0, 5)
>>>
>>> for i in range(5):
...     criterion.write(all, f"criterion_{100+i}.vtk", 1)
...     adapt(1)

`alladapt`

def alladapt(
    verbosity: int = 0
) ‑> bool

This is a collective MPI operation and hence must be called by all ranks. It replaces the adapt() function in the DDM framework.

Example

>>> ...
>>> alladapt()

`allcomputecohomology`

def allcomputecohomology(
    meshfile: str,
    physregstocut: List[int],
    subdomains: List[int] = []
) ‑> List[int]

`allcomputesparameters`

def allcomputesparameters(
    portsphysregs: List[int],
    E: field,
    Esources: List[expression],
    Esols: List[vec],
    integrationorder: int = 5
) ‑> List[List[float]]

`allfinalize`

def allfinalize() ‑> None

`allgather`

def allgather(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> None

`allinitialize`

def allinitialize(
    verbosity: int = 1
) ‑> None

`allintegrate`

def allintegrate(
    physreg: int,
    expr: expression,
    integrationorder: int
) ‑> float

`allmeasuredistance`

def allmeasuredistance(
    a: vec,
    b: vec,
    c: vec
) ‑> float

`allpartition`

def allpartition(
    meshfile: str,
    skinphysreg: int = -1
) ‑> str

This is a collective MPI operation and hence must be called by all ranks. This function partitions the requested mesh into a number of parts equal to the number of ranks. All parts are saved to disk and the part file name for each rank is returned. The GMSH API must be available to partition into more than one part. A physical region containing the global skin can be created with the last argument.

This function will be deprecated. Use mesh.partition() instead.

Example

>>> initialize()
>>> partfilename = allpartition("disk.msh")
>>> finalize()

`allsolve`

def allsolve(
    relrestol: float,
    maxnumit: int,
    nltol: float,
    maxnumnlit: int,
    relaxvalue: float,
    formuls: List[formulation],
    verbosity: int = 1
) ‑> int

This is a collective MPI operation and hence must be called by all ranks. It solves across all the ranks a nonlinear problem with a fixed-point iteration.

Example

>>> ...
>>> allsolve(1e-8, 500, 1e-4, 1.0, [electrostatics])

`andpositive`

def andpositive(
    exprs: List[expression]
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This returns an expression whose value is 1 for all evaluation points where the value of all the input expressions is larger or equal to zero. Otherwise, its value is -1.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> x=field("x"); y=field("y"); z=field("z")
>>> expr = andpositive([x,y])      # At points, where x>=0 and y>=0, value is 1, otherwise -1.
>>> expr.write(vol, "andpositive.vtk", 1)

`array1x1`

def array1x1(
    arg0: expression
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This defines a vector or matrix operation of size . The array is populated in a row-major way.

Parameters

arg0 : expression : term11

Example

>>> myarray = array1x1(1)

`array1x2`

def array1x2(
    arg0: expression,
    arg1: expression
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This defines a vector or matrix operation of size . The array is populated in a row-major way.

Parameters

arg0 : expression : term11

arg1 : expression : term12

Example

>>> myarray = array1x2(1,2)

`array1x3`

def array1x3(
    arg0: expression,
    arg1: expression,
    arg2: expression
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This defines a vector or matrix operation of size . The array is populated in a row-major way.

Parameters

arg0 : expression : term11

arg1 : expression : term12

arg2 : expression : term13

Example

>>> myarray = array1x3(1,2,3)

`array2x1`

def array2x1(
    arg0: expression,
    arg1: expression
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This defines a vector or matrix operation of size . The array is populated in a row-major way.

Parameters

arg0 : expression : term11

arg1 : expression : term21

Example

>>> myarray = array2x1(1, 2)

`array2x2`

def array2x2(
    arg0: expression,
    arg1: expression,
    arg2: expression,
    arg3: expression
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This defines a vector or matrix operation of size . The array is populated in a row-major way.

Parameters

arg0 : expression : term11

arg1 : expression : term12

arg2 : expression : term21

arg3 : expression : term22

Example

>>> myarray = array2x2(1,2, 3,4)

`array2x3`

def array2x3(
    arg0: expression,
    arg1: expression,
    arg2: expression,
    arg3: expression,
    arg4: expression,
    arg5: expression
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This defines a vector or matrix operation of size . The array is populated in a row-major way.

Parameters

arg0 : expression : term11

arg1 : expression : term12

arg2 : expression : term13

arg3 : expression : term21

arg4 : expression : term22

arg5 : expression : term23

Example

>>> myarray = array2x3(1,2,3, 4,5,6)

`array3x1`

def array3x1(
    arg0: expression,
    arg1: expression,
    arg2: expression
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This defines a vector or matrix operation of size . The array is populated in a row-major way.

Parameters

arg0 : expression : term11

arg1 : expression : term21

arg2 : expression : term31

Example

>>> myarray = array3x1(1, 2, 3)

`array3x2`

def array3x2(
    arg0: expression,
    arg1: expression,
    arg2: expression,
    arg3: expression,
    arg4: expression,
    arg5: expression
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This defines a vector or matrix operation of size . The array is populated in a row-major way.

Parameters

arg0 : expression : term11

arg1 : expression : term12

arg2 : expression : term21

arg3 : expression : term22

arg4 : expression : term31

arg5 : expression : term32

Example

>>> myarray = array3x2(1,2, 3,4, 5,6)

`array3x3`

def array3x3(
    arg0: expression,
    arg1: expression,
    arg2: expression,
    arg3: expression,
    arg4: expression,
    arg5: expression,
    arg6: expression,
    arg7: expression,
    arg8: expression
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This defines a vector or matrix operation of size . The array is populated in a row-major way.

Parameters

arg0 : expression : term11

arg1 : expression : term12

arg2 : expression : term13

arg3 : expression : term21

arg4 : expression : term22

arg5 : expression : term23

arg6 : expression : term31

arg7 : expression : term32

arg8 : expression : term33

Example

>>> myarray = array3x3(1,2,3, 4,5,6, 7,8,9)

`asin`

def asin(
    input: expression
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This returns an expression that is the or of input. The output expression is in radians.

Example

>>> expr = asin(sqrt(0.5))
>>> expr.print();                    # in radians
Expression size is 1x1
 @ row 0, col 0 :
0.785398
>>>
>>> (expr * 180/getpi()).print();    # in degrees
Expression size is 1x1
 @ row 0, col 0 :
45

`atan`

def atan(
    input: expression
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This returns an expression that is the or of input. The output expression is in radians.

Example

>>> expr = atan(0.57735)
>>> expr.print();                    # in radians
Expression size is 1x1
 @ row 0, col 0 :
0.523599
>>>
>>> (expr * 180/getpi()).print();    # in degrees
Expression size is 1x1
 @ row 0, col 0 :
30

`barrier`

def barrier() ‑> None

This is a collective MPI operation (must be called by all ranks). Processing will be waiting until all ranks have reached this call.

Example

>>> import quanscient as qs
>>> qs.barrier()

Notes

If this function is not called by all the ranks, then the other ranks that call barrier() will wait indefinitely.

`broadcast`

def broadcast(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> None

`cn`

def cn(
    n: float
) ‑> quanscient.expression

`comp`

def comp(
    selectedcomp: int,
    input: expression
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This returns the selected component of a column vector expression. For a column vector expression, selectedcomp is 0 for the first, 1 for the second component and 2 for the third component respectively. For a matrix expression, the whole corresponding row is returned in the form of an expression. Thus, if selectedcomp, for example is 5, then an expression containing the entries of the fifth row of the matrix is returned.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> u = field("h1xyz")
>>> u.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> u.setvalue(vol, array3x1(10,20,30))
>>> vecexpr = 2*(u+u)
>>> comp(0, vecexpr).write(vol, "comp.vtk", 1)

`complexdivision`

def complexdivision(
    a: List[expression],
    b: List[expression]
) ‑> List[quanscient.expression]

`complexinverse`

def complexinverse(
    a: List[expression]
) ‑> List[quanscient.expression]

`complexproduct`

def complexproduct(
    a: List[expression],
    b: List[expression]
) ‑> List[quanscient.expression]

`compx`

def compx(
    input: expression
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This returns the first or x component of a column vector expression. For a matrix expression, an expression containing the entries of the first row of the matrix is returned. This is equivalent to setting selectedcomp=0 in comp().

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> u = field("h1xyz")
>>> u.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> u.setvalue(vol, array3x1(10,20,30))
>>> vecexpr = 2*(u+u)
>>> compx(vecexpr).write(vol, "compx.vtk", 1)

`compy`

def compy(
    input: expression
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This returns the second or y component of a column vector expression. For a matrix expression, an expression containing the entries of the second row of the matrix is returned. This is equivalent to setting selectedcomp=1 in comp().

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> u = field("h1xyz")
>>> u.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> u.setvalue(vol, array3x1(10,20,30))
>>> vecexpr = 2*(u+u)
>>> compx(vecexpr).write(vol, "compx.vtk", 1)

`compz`

def compz(
    input: expression
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This returns the third or z component of a column vector expression. For a matrix expression, an expression containing the entries of the third row of the matrix is returned. This is equivalent to setting selectedcomp=2 in comp().

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> u = field("h1xyz")
>>> u.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> u.setvalue(vol, array3x1(10,20,30))
>>> vecexpr = 2*(u+u)
>>> compx(vecexpr).write(vol, "compx.vtk", 1)

`continuitycondition`

def continuitycondition(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> List[quanscient.integration]

This returns the formulation terms required to enforce field continuity.

Examples

Example 1: continuitycondition(gamma1:int, gamma2:int. u1:field, u2:field, errorifnotfound:true)

>>> ...
>>> u1 = field("h1xyz")
>>> u2 = field("h1xyz")
>>>
>>> elasticity = formulation()
>>> ...
>>> elasticity += continuitycondition(gamma1, gamma2, u1, u2)

This returns the formulation terms required to enforce between boundary region and (with , meshes can be non-matching). In case is larger than () the boolean flag must be set to false.

Example 2: continuitycondition(gamma:int, gamma2:int, u1:field, u2:field, rotcent:List[double], rotangz:double, angzmod:double, factor:double)

>>> ...
>>> # Rotor-stator interface
>>> rotorside=11; statorside=12
>>> ...
>>> # Rotor rotation around z axis
>>> alpha = 30.0
>>> ...
>>> az = field("h1")
>>> ...
>>> magentostatics = formulation()
>>> ...
>>> magnetostatics += continuitycondition(statorside, rotorside, az, az, [0,0,0], alpha, 45.0, -1.0)

This returns the formulation terms required to enforce field continuity across an degrees slice of a rotor-stator interface where the rotor geometry is rotated by around the axis with rotation center at . This situation arises for example in electric motor simulations when (anti)periodicity can be considered and thus only a slice of the entire 360 degrees needs to be simulated. Use a factor of for antiperiodicity. Boundary is the rotor-stator interface on the (non-moving) stator side while the boundary is the interface on the rotor side. In the unrotated position the bottom boundary of the stator and rotor slice must be aligned with the axis.

The condition is based on a Lagrange multiplier of the same type and the same harmonic content as the field and . The mortar finite element method is used to link the unknown field on and so that there is no restriction on the mesh used for both regions.

`cos`

def cos(
    input: expression
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This returns an expression that is the of input. The input expression is in radians.

Example

>>> expr = cos(getpi())
>>> expr.print()
Expression size is 1x1
 @ row 0, col 0 :
-1
>>>
>>> expr = cos(1)
>>> expr.print()
Expression size is 1x1
 @ row 0, col 0 :
0.540302

`count`

def count() ‑> int

This returns the number of processes in the universe.

Example

>>> import quanscient as qs
>>> numranks = qs.count()

`crossproduct`

def crossproduct(
    a: expression,
    b: expression
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This computes the cross-product of two vector expressions. The returned expression is a vector.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol=1; top=3
>>> E = field("hcurl")
>>> n = normal(vol)
>>> cp = crossproduct(E, n)

`curl`

def curl(
    input: expression
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This computes the curl of a vector expression. The returned expression is a vector.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> u = field("h1xyz")
>>> u.setorder(vol, 1);
>>> curl(u).write(vol, "curlu.vtk", 1)

`d`

def d(
    expr: expression,
    var: expression,
    flds: List[field],
    deltas: List[expression]
) ‑> quanscient.expression

`dbtoneper`

def dbtoneper(
    toconvert: expression
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This converts a value to .

Parameters

toconvert : expression : expression value in units.

Example

>>> neperattenuation = dbtoneper(100.0)

`determinant`

def determinant(
    input: expression
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This returns the determinant of a square matrix.

Example

>>> matexpr = expression(3,3, [1,2,3, 6,5,4, 8,9,7])
>>> detmat = determinant(matexpr)
>>> detmat.print()
Expression size is 1x1
 @ row 0, col 0 :
21

`detjac`

def detjac() ‑> quanscient.expression

`div`

def div(
    input: expression
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This computes the divergence of a vector expression. The returned expression is a scalar.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> u = field("h1xyz")
>>> u.setorder(vol, 1);
>>> div(u).write(vol, "divu.vtk", 1)

`dof`

def dof(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This declares an unknown field (dof for degree of freedom). The dofs are defined only on the region physreg which when not provided is set to the element integration region.

Examples

Example 1: dof(input:expression)

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol=1; sur=2
>>> v = field("h1")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> projection = formulation()
>>> projection += integral(vol, dof(v)*tf(v) - 2*tf(v))

Example 2: dof(input:expression, physreg:int)

>>> ...
>>> projection += integral(vol, dof(v, vol)*tf(v) - 2*tf(v))

`doubledotproduct`

def doubledotproduct(
    a: expression,
    b: expression
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This computes the double-dot product of two matrix expressions. The returned expression is a scalar.

Example

>>> a = array2x2(1,2, 3,4)
>>> b = array2x2(11,12, 13, 14)
>>> addotb = doubledotproduct(a, b)
>>> addotb.print()
Expression size is 1x1
 @ row 0, col 0 :
130

`dt`

def dt(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This returns the first-order time derivative expression.

Examples

Example 1: dt(input:expression)

>>> ...
>>> setfundamentalfrequency(50)
>>> vmh = field("h1", [2,3])
>>> vmh.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> dt(vmh).write(vol, "dtv.vtk", 1)

Example 2: dt(input:expression, initdt:double, initdtdt)

This gives the transient approximation of the first-order time derivative of a space-independent expression. The initial values must be provided when using generalized alpha (genalpha) and are ignored otherwise.

>>> ...
>>> dtapprox = dt(t()*t(), 0, 2)

`dtdt`

def dtdt(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This returns the second-order time derivative expression.

Examples

Example 1: dtdt(input:expression)

>>> ...
>>> setfundamentalfrequency(50)
>>> vmh = field("h1", [2,3])
>>> vmh.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> dtdt(vmh).write(vol, "dtdtv.vtk", 1)

Example 2: dtdt(input:expression, initdt:double, initdtdt:double)

This gives the transient approximation of the second-order time derivative of a space-independent expression. The initial values must be provided when using generalized alpha (genalpha) and are ignored otherwise.

>>> ...
>>> dtapprox = dtdt(t()*t(), 0, 2)

`dtdtdt`

def dtdtdt(
    input: expression
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This returns the third-order time derivative expression.

Example

>>> ...
>>> setfundamentalfrequency(50)
>>> vmh = field("h1", [2,3])
>>> vmh.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> dtdtdt(vmh).write(vol, "dtdtdtv.vtk", 1)

`dtdtdtdt`

def dtdtdtdt(
    input: expression
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This returns the fourth-order time derivative expression.

Example

>>> ...
>>> setfundamentalfrequency(50)
>>> vmh = field("h1", [2,3])
>>> vmh.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> dtdtdtdt(vmh).write(vol, "dtdtdtdtv.vtk", 1)

`dx`

def dx(
    input: expression
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This returns the space derivative expression.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> v = field("h1")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> dx(v).write(vol, "dxv.vtk", 1)

`dy`

def dy(
    input: expression
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This returns the space derivative expression.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> v = field("h1")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> dy(v).write(vol, "dyv.vtk", 1)

`dz`

def dz(
    input: expression
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This returns the space derivative expression.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> v = field("h1")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> dz(v).write(vol, "dzv.vtk", 1)

`eigenport`

def eigenport(
    portphysreg: int,
    modetype: str,
    numeigenvalues: int,
    targetneffc: float,
    E: field,
    mu: expression,
    eps: expression,
    ddmrelrestol: float,
    ddmmaxnumit: int,
    eigentol: float = 1e-06,
    eigenmaxnumits: int = 1000,
    integrationorder: int = 5,
    verbosity: int = 1
) ‑> List[Tuple[quanscient.expression, quanscient.expression]]

`elasticwavespeed`

def elasticwavespeed(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> List[quanscient.expression]

`elementwiseproduct`

def elementwiseproduct(
    a: expression,
    b: expression
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This computes the element-wise product of two matrix expressions. The returned expression has the same size as the two input expressions.

Example

>>> a = array2x2(1,2, 3,4)
>>> b = array2x2(11,12, 13, 14)
>>> aelwb = elementwiseproduct(a, b)
>>> aelwb.print()
Expression size is 2x2
 @ row 0, col 0 :
11
 @ row 0, col 1 :
24
 @ row 1, col 0 :
39
 @ row 1, col 1 :
56

`emwavespeed`

def emwavespeed(
    mur: expression,
    epsr: expression
) ‑> quanscient.expression

`entry`

def entry(
    row: int,
    col: int,
    input: expression
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This gets the (row, col) entry in the vector or matrix expression.

Parameters

row : int : Row from which the entry is requested.

col : int : Column from which the entry is requested.

input : expression : Vector or matrix input expression.

Example

>>> u = array3x2(1,2, 3,4, 5,6)
>>> arrayentry_row2col0 = entry(2, 0, u)    # entry from third row (index=2), first column (index=0)
>>> arrayentry_row2col0.print()
Expression size is 1x1
 @ row 0, col 0 :
5

`evaluate`

def evaluate(
    toevaluate: expression
) ‑> List[float]

`exchange`

def exchange(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> None

`exp`

def exp(
    input: expression
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This returns an exponential function of base .

Example

>>> expr = exp(2)
>>> expr.print()
Expression size is 1x1
 @ row 0, col 0 :
7.38906

`eye`

def eye(
    size: int
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This returns a size x size identity matrix

Parameters

size : int : Size of the identity matrix.

Example

>>> II = eye(2)
>>> II.print()
Expression size is 2x2
 @ row 0, col 0 :
1
 @ row 0, col 1 :
0
 @ row 1, col 0 :
0
 @ row 1, col 1 :
1

`fieldorder`

def fieldorder(
    input: field,
    alpha: float = -1.0,
    absthres: float = 0.0
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This returns an expression whose value is the interpolation order on each element for the provided field. The value is a constant on each element. When argument is set, the value returned is the lowest order required to include of the total shape function coefficient weight. An additional optional argument can be set to provide a minimum total weight below which the lowest possible field order is returned.

Parameters

input : field : The field object whose interpolation order is requested.

alpha : double :

absthres : double :

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1; sur = 2; top = 3
>>> v = field("h1")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 2)
>>> fo = fieldorder(v)
>>> fo.write(vol, "fieldorder.vtk", 1)

`finalize`

def finalize() ‑> None

`gather`

def gather(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> None

`getcirculationports`

def getcirculationports(
    harmonicnumbers: List[int] = []
) ‑> Tuple[List[quanscient.port], List[quanscient.expression]]

`getcirculationsources`

def getcirculationsources(
    circulations: List[expression],
    inittimederivatives: List[List[float]] = []
) ‑> List[quanscient.expression]

`getdimension`

def getdimension(
    physreg: int
) ‑> int

This returns the x, y and z mesh dimensions.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> dims = mymesh.getdimensions()

`getepsilon0`

def getepsilon0() ‑> float

Returns the value of vacuum permittivity .

Example

>>> eps0 = getepsilon0()
8.854187812813e-12

`getextrusiondata`

def getextrusiondata() ‑> List[quanscient.expression]

This gives the relative depth in the extruded layer, the extrusion normal and tangents and . This is useful when creating Perfectly Matched Layers (PMLs).

Example

We use the disk.msh for the example here.

>>> vol=1; sur=2; top=3; circle=4   # physical regions defined in disk.msh
>>> mymesh = mesh()
>>>
>>> # predefine extrusion
>>> volextruded=5; bndextruded=6;   # physical regions that will be utilized in extrusion
>>> mymesh.extrude(volextruded, bndextruded, sur, [0.1,0.05])
>>> mymesh.load("disk.msh")              # extrusion is performed when the mesh is loaded.
>>> mymesh.write("diskpml.msh")
>>> pmldata = getextrusiondata()

`getharmonic`

def getharmonic(
    harmnum: int,
    input: expression,
    numfftharms: int = -1
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This returns a single harmonic from a multi-harmonic expression. Set a positive last argument to use an FFT to compute the harmonic. The returned expression is on harmonic 1.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol=1; sur=2; top=3
>>> v = field("h1", [2])
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> v.harmonic(2).setvalue(vol, 1)
>>> constcomp = getharmonic(1, abs(v), 10)
>>> constcomp.write(vol, "constcomp.pos", 1)

`getmaxnumthreads`

def getmaxnumthreads() ‑> int

Returns the maximum number of threads allowed.

Example

>>> setmaxnumthreads(2)
>>> mnt = getmaxnumthreads()
2

`getmu0`

def getmu0() ‑> float

Returns the value of vacuum permeability .

Example

>>> mu0 = getmu0()
1.2566370621219e-06

`getpi`

def getpi() ‑> float

Returns value of .

Example

>>> pi = getpi()
3.141592653589793

`getrandom`

def getrandom() ‑> float

Returns a random value uniformly distributed between 0.0 and 1.0.

Example

>>> rnd = getrandom()

`getrank`

def getrank() ‑> int

This returns the rank of the current process.

Example

>>> import quanscient as qs
>>> rank = qs.getrank()

`getsstkomegamodelconstants`

def getsstkomegamodelconstants() ‑> List[float]

`getsubversion`

def getsubversion() ‑> int

`gettime`

def gettime() ‑> float

This gets the value of the time variable t.

Example

>>> settime(1e-3)
>>> gettime()
0.001

`gettotalforce`

def gettotalforce(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> List[float]

This returns the components of the total magnetostatic/electrostatic force acting on a given region. In the axisymmetric case zero and components are returned and the component includes a factor to provide the force acting on the corresponding 3D shape. Units are " per unit depth" in 2D and in 3D and 2D axisymmetry.

Examples

Example 1: gettotalforce(physreg:int, EorH:expression, epsilonormu:expression, extraintegrationorder:int=0)

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> phi = field("h1")
>>> phi.setorder(vol, 2)
>>>
>>> mu0 = 4 * getpi() * 1e-7
>>> mu = parameter()
>>> mu.setvalue(vol, mu0)
>>> totalforce = gettotalforce(vol, -grad(phi), mu)

Example 2: gettotalforce(physreg:int, meshdeform:expression, EorH:expression, epsilonormu:expression, extraintegrationorder:int=0)

This is similar to the above function but the total force is computed on the mesh deformed by the field u.

>>> ...
>>> u = field("h1xyz")
>>> u.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> totalforce = gettotalforce(vol, u, -grad(phi), mu)

`getturbulentpropertiessstkomegamodel`

def getturbulentpropertiessstkomegamodel(
    v: expression,
    rho: expression,
    viscosity: expression,
    walldistance: expression,
    kp: expression,
    omegap: expression,
    logomega: expression
) ‑> List[quanscient.expression]

`getversion`

def getversion() ‑> int

`getversionname`

def getversionname() ‑> str

`getx`

def getx() ‑> quanscient.field

Returns the coordinate.

Example

An expression for distance can be calculated as follows:

>>> x = getx()
>>> y = gety()
>>> z = getz()
>>> d = sqrt(x*x+y*y+z*z)

`gety`

def gety() ‑> quanscient.field

Returns the coordinate.

Example

In CFD applications, a parabolic inlet velocity profile can be prescribed as follows:

>>> y = gety()              # y coordinate
>>> U = 0.3                 # maximum velocity
>>> h = 0.41                # height of the domain
>>> u = 4*U*y(h-y)/(h*h)    # parabolic inlet velocity profile expression

`getz`

def getz() ‑> quanscient.field

Returns the coordinate.

Example

An expression for distance can be calculated as follows:

>>> x = getx()
>>> y = gety()
>>> z = getz()
>>> d = sqrt(x*x+y*y+z*z)

`grad`

def grad(
    input: expression
) ‑> quanscient.expression

For a scalar input expression, this is mathematically treated as the gradient of a scalar () and the output is a column vector with one entry per space derivative. For a vector input expression, this is mathematically treated as the gradient of a vector () and the output has one row per component of the input and one column per space derivative.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> v = field("h1")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1);
>>> grad(v).write(vol, "gradv.vtk", 1)

`greenlagrangestrain`

def greenlagrangestrain(
    input: expression
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This defines the (nonlinear) Green-Lagrange strains in Voigt form . The input can either be the displacement field or its gradient.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> u = field("h1xyz")
>>> glstrain = greenlagrangestrain(u)
>>> glstrain.print()

`grouptimesteps`

def grouptimesteps(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> None

This writes a .pvd ParaView file to group a set of .vtu files that are time solutions at the time values provided in timevals.

Examples

Example 1: grouptimesteps(filename::str, filestogroup:List[str], timevals:List[double])

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> v = field("h1")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> v.write(vol, "v1.vtu", 1)
>>> v.write(vol, "v2.vtu", 1)
>>> grouptimesteps("v.pvd", ["v1.vtu", "v2.vtu"], [0.0, 10.0])

Example 2: grouptimesteps(filename::str, fielprefix:str, timevals:List[double])

This is similar to the previous function except that the full list of file names to group does not have to be provided. The file names are constructed from the file prefix with an appended integer starting from 'firstint' by steps of 1. The filenames are ended with .vtu.

>>> ...
>>> grouptimesteps("v.pvd", "v", [0.0, 10.0])

`harm`

def harm(
    harmnum: int,
    input: expression,
    numfftharms: int = -1
) ‑> quanscient.expression

`ifpositive`

def ifpositive(
    condexpr: expression,
    trueexpr: expression,
    falseexpr: expression
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This returns a conditional expression. The expression value is trueexpr for all evaluation points where condexpr is larger or equal to zero. Otherwise, its value is falseexpr.

Parameters

condexpr : expression : Expression that specifies the conditional argument.

trueexpr : expression : Expression value at points where condexpr evaluates to True.

falseexpr : expression : Expression value at points where condexpr evaluates to False.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol=1
>>> x=field("x"); y=field("y"); z=field("z")
>>> expr = ifpositive(x+y, 1, -1)   # At points, where x+y>=0, value is 1, otherwise -1.
>>> expr.write(vol, "ifpositive.vtk", 1)

`initialize`

def initialize() ‑> None

`initializelogs`

def initializelogs(
    format: logformat
) ‑> None

INTERNAL -- do not call in script

Initializes the structured logging system

Parameters

format : logformat : Format for the logs. One of logformat.plain or logformat.json

Raises

None

`insertrank`

def insertrank(
    name: str
) ‑> str

`integral`

def integral(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> quanscient.integration

`inverse`

def inverse(
    input: expression
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This returns the inverse of a square matrix.

Example

>>> matexpr = array2x2(1,2, 3,4)
>>> invmat = inverse(matexpr)
>>> invmat.print()
Expression size is 2x2
 @ row 0, col 0 :
-2
 @ row 0, col 1 :
1
 @ row 1, col 0 :
1.5
 @ row 1, col 1 :
-0.5
>>>
>>> matexpr = expression(3,3, [1,2,3, 6,5,4, 8,9,7])
>>> invmat = inverse(matexpr)

`invjac`

def invjac(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> quanscient.expression

`isavailable`

def isavailable() ‑> bool

`isdefined`

def isdefined(
    physreg: int
) ‑> bool

This checks if a physical region is defined.

Parameters

physreg : int : Physical region identifier.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol=1; sur=2; top=3; circle=4;
>>> isdefined(sur)  # returns True as the physical region sur=2 is defined
True
>>>
>>> isdefined(5)    # returns False as the mesh loaded has no physical region 5
>>> False

`isempty`

def isempty(
    physreg: int
) ‑> bool

This checks if a physical region is empty.

Parameters

physreg : int : Physical region identifier.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol=1; sur=2; top=3; circle=4;
>>> isempty(sur)
False

`isinside`

def isinside(
    physregtocheck: int,
    physreg: int
) ‑> bool

This checks if a physical region is fully included in another region.

Parameters

physregtocheck : int : Physical region to check.

physreg : int : Physical region with which physregtocheck is checked.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol=1; sur=2; top=3; circle=4;
>>> isinside(sur, vol)
True
>>>
>>> isinside(vol, sur)
False

`istouching`

def istouching(
    physregtocheck: int,
    physreg: int
) ‑> bool

This checks if a region is touching another region.

Parameters

physregtocheck : int : Physical region to check.

physreg : int : Physical region with which physregtocheck is checked.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol=1; sur=2; top=3; circle=4;
>>> istouching(sur, top)
True

`jac`

def jac(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> quanscient.expression

`linspace`

def linspace(
    a: float,
    b: float,
    num: int
) ‑> List[float]

This gives a vector of num equally spaced values from a to b. The space between each values is calculated as:

Example

>>> vals = linspace(0.5, 2.5, 5)
>>> printvector(vals)
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

`loadshape`

def loadshape(
    meshfile: str
) ‑> List[List[quanscient.shape]]

This function loads a mesh file to shapes. The output holds a shape for every physical region of dimension d (0D, 1D, 2D, 3D) defined in the mesh file. The loaded shapes can be edited (extruded, deformed, ...) and grouped with other shapes to create a new mesh. Note that the usage of loaded shapes might be more limited than other shapes.

Example

>>> diskshapes = loadshape("disk.msh")
>>>
>>> # Add a thin slice on top of the disk (diskshapes[2][1] is the top face of the disk)
>>> thinslice = diskshapes[2][1].extrude(5, 0.02, 2)
>>>
>>> mymesh = mesh([diskshapes[2][0], diskshapes[2][1], diskshapes[3][0], thinslice])
>>> mymesh.write("editeddisk.msh")

`loadvector`

def loadvector(
    filename: str,
    delimiter: str = ',',
    sizeincluded: bool = False
) ‑> List[float]

This loads from a file a list/vector. The delimiter specfies the character separating each entry in the file. The sizeincluded must be set to True if the first number in the file is list/vector length integer.

Parameters

filename : str : The name of the file containing the entries of a list/vector.

delimiter : str, default=',' : Character separating each entry of the list/vector when writing to a file. E.g ',' or '\n'.

sizeincluded : bool, default=False : Must be set to True if the first number in the file is list/vector length integer.

Example

>>> v = [2.4, 3.14, -0.1]
>>> writevector("vecvals.txt", v, '\n', True)
>>> vloaded = loadvector("vecvals.txt", \n', True)
>>> vloaded
[2.4, 3.14, -0.1]

`log`

def log(
    input: expression
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This returns an expression that is the natural logarithm of the input expression.

Example

>>> expr = log(2);
>>> expr.print()
Expression size is 1x1
 @ row 0, col 0 :
0.693147

`logspace`

def logspace(
    a: float,
    b: float,
    num: int,
    basis: float = 10.0
) ‑> List[float]

This returns the basis to the power of each of the num values in the linspace.

Example

>>> vals = logspace(1, 3, 3)    # resulting linspace: 1, 2, 3
>>> printvector(vals)           # 10^1, 10^2, 10^3
10 100 1000

`makeharmonic`

def makeharmonic(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> quanscient.expression

`max`

def max(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This returns an expression whose value is the maximum of the two input arguments.

Parameters

a : expression/field/parameter : First of the two input arguments.

b : expression/field/parameter : Second of the two input arguments.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> x=field("x"); y=field("y"); z=field("z")
>>> max(x,y).write(vol, "max.pos", 1)

`meshsize`

def meshsize(
    integrationorder: int
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This returns an expression whose value is the length/area/volume for each 1D/2D/3D mesh element respectively. The value is constant on each mesh element.

Parameters

integrationorder : int : Determines the accuracy of mesh size calculated. Higher the number, the better the accuracy. Integration order can be negative.

Raises

RuntimeError : If integration order < .

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1; sur = 2; top = 3
>>> h = meshsize(0)
>>> h.write(top, "meshsize.vtk", 1)

`min`

def min(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This returns an expression whose value is the minimum of the two input arguments.

Parameters

a : expression/field/parameter : First of the two input arguments.

b : expression/field/parameter : Second of the two input arguments.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> x=field("x"); y=field("y"); z=field("z")
>>> min(x,y).write(vol, "min.pos", 1)

`mod`

def mod(
    input: expression,
    modval: float
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This is a modulo function. This returns an expression equal to the remainder resulting from the division of input by modval.

Example

>>> expr = mod(10, 9)
>>> expr.print()
Expression size is 1x1
 @ row 0, col 0 :
1
>>> expr = mod(99, 100)
>>> expr.print()
Expression size is 1x1
 @ row 0, col 0 :
99
>>> expr = mod(2.55, 0.6)
>>> expr.print()
Expression size is 1x1
 @ row 0, col 0 :
0.15

`moveharmonic`

def moveharmonic(
    origharms: List[int],
    destharms: List[int],
    input: expression,
    numfftharms: int = -1
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This returns an expression equal to the input expression with a selected and moved harmonic content. Set a positive last argument to use an FFT to compute the harmonics of the input expression.

Example

>>> ...
>>> movedharm = moveharmonic([1,2], [5,3], 11+v)
>>> movedharm.write("vol", "movedharm.pos", 1)

`norm`

def norm(
    arg0: expression
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This gives the norm of an expression input.

Example

>>> myvector = array3x1(1,2,3)
>>> normL2 = norm(myvector)
>>> normL2.print()
Expression size is 1x1
 @ row 0, col 0 :
3.74166

`normal`

def normal(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This defines a normal vector with unit norm. If a physical region is provided as an argument then the normal points out of it. if no physical region is provided then the normal can be flipped depending on the element orientation in the mesh.

Examples

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol=1; sur=2; top=3     # physical regions
>>> normal(vol).write(sur, "normal.vtk", 1)

`on`

def on(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This function allows to use fields, unknown dof fields or general expressions across physical regions with possibly non- matching meshes by evaluating the expression argument using a (x, y, z) coordinate interpolation. It makes it straightforward to setup the mortar finite element method to enforce general relations, such as field equality , at the interface of non-matching meshes. This can for example be achieved with a Lagrange multiplier such that

holds for any appropriate field , and . The example below illustrates the formulation terms needed to implement the Lagrange multiplier between interfaces and .

Examples

Example 1: on(physreg:int, expr:expression, errorifnotfound:bool=True)

physreg is the physical region across which the expression expr is evaluated. The expr argument can be fields or dof fields or any general expressions.

>>> ...
>>> u1=field("h1xyz"); u2=field("h1xyz"); lambda=field("h1xyz")
>>> ...
>>> elasticity = formulation()
>>> ...
>>> elasticity += integral(gamma1, dof(lambda)*tf(u1) )
>>> elasticity += integral(gamma2, -on(gamma1, dof(lambda)) * tf(u2) )
>>> elasticity += integral(gamma1, (dof(u1) - on(gamma2, dof(u2)))*tf(lambda) )

When setting the flag errorifnotfound=False, any point in without a relative in (and vice versa) does not contribute to the assembled matrix. The default value is True for which an error is raised if a point in is without a relative in (and vice versa).

The case where there is no unknown dof term in the expression argument is described below:

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol=1; sur=2; top=3
>>> x=field("x"); y=field("y"); z=field("z"); v=field("h1")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> projection = formulation()
>>> projection += integral(top, dof(v)*tf(v) - on(vol, dz(z))*tf(v))
>>> projection.solve()
>>> v.write(top, "dzz.pos", 1)

With the on function, the (x, y, z) coordinates corresponding to each Gauss point of the integral are first calculated then the dz(z) expression is evaluated through interpolation at these (x, y, z) coordinates on region vol. With on here dz(z) is correctly evaluated as because the z-derivative calculation is performed on the volume region vol. Without the on operator the z-derivative would be wrongly calculated on the top face of the disk (a plane perpendicular to the z-axis).

If a requested interpolation point cannot be found (because it is outside of physreg or because the interpolation algorithm fails to converge, as can happen on curved 3D elements) then an error occurs unless errorifnotfound is set to False. In the latter case, the value returned at any non-found coordinate is zero, without raising an error.

Example 2: on(physreg:int, expr:coordshift, expr:expression, errorifnotfound:bool=True)

This is similar to the previous example but here the (x, y, z) coordinates at which to interpolate the expression are shifted by (x+compx(coordshift), y+compy(coordshift), z+compz(coordshift)).

>>> ...
>>> projection += integral(top, dof(v)*tf(v) - on(vol, array3x1(2*x,2*y,2*z), dz(z))*tf(v))

`orpositive`

def orpositive(
    exprs: List[expression]
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This returns an expression whose value is 1 for all evaluation points where at least one input expression has a value larger or equal to zero. Otherwise, its value is -1.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> x=field("x"); y=field("y"); z=field("z")
>>> expr = orpositive([x,y])      # At points, where x>=0 or y>=0, value is 1, otherwise -1.
>>> expr.write(vol, "orpositive.vtk", 1)

`periodicitycondition`

def periodicitycondition(
    gamma1: int,
    gamma2: int,
    u: field,
    dat1: List[float],
    dat2: List[float],
    factor: float,
    lagmultorder: int = 0
) ‑> List[quanscient.integration]

This returns the formulation terms required to enforce on field a rotation or translation periodic condition between boundary region and (meshes can be non-conforming). A factor different than can be provided to scale the field on (use for antiperiodicity).

Example

>>> ...
>>> u = field("h1xyz")
>>> ...
>>> elasticity = formulation()
>>> ...
>>> # In case gamma2 is gamma1 rotated by (ax, ay, az) degrees around first the x, then y and then z-axis.
>>> # Rotation center is (cx, cy, cz)
>>> cx=0; cy=0; cz=0
>>> ax=0; ay=0; az=60
>>>
>>> elasticity += periodicitycondition(gamma1, gamma2, u, [cx,cy,cz], [ax,ay,az], 1.0)
>>>
>>> # In case gamma2 is gamma1 translated by a distance d in direction (nx, ny, nz)
>>> d=0.8
>>> nx=1; ny=0; nz=0
>>> elasticity += peridocitycondition(gamma1, gamma2, u, [nx,ny,nz], [d], 1.0)

More advanced periodic conditions can be implemented easily using on() function.

`pow`

def pow(
    base: expression,
    exponent: expression
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This is a power function. This returns an expression equal to base to the power exponent:

Example

>>> expr = pow(2, 5)
>>> expr.print()
Expression size is 1x1
 @ row 0, col 0 :
32

`predefinedacousticradiation`

def predefinedacousticradiation(
    dofp: expression,
    tfp: expression,
    soundspeed: expression,
    neperattenuation: expression
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This function defines the equation for the Sommerfeld acoustic radiation condition

which forces the outgoing pressure waves at infinity: a pressure field of the form

propagating in the direction perpendicular to the truncation boundary indeed satisfies the Sommerfeld radiation condition since

Zero artificial wave reflection at the truncation boundary happens only if it is perpendicular to the outgoing waves. In practical applications however the truncation boundary is not at an infinite distance from the acoustic source and the wave amplitude is not constant and thus, some level of artificial reflection cannot be avoided. To minimize this effect the truncation boundary should be placed as far as possible from the acoustic source (at least a few wavelengths away).

An acoustic attenuation value can be provided (in ) in case of harmonic problems. For convenience use the function dbtoneper() to convert attenuation values to .

Example

>>> ...
>>> acoustics += integral(sur, predefinedacousticradiation(dof(p), tf(p), 340, dbtoner(500)))

`predefinedacousticstructureinteraction`

def predefinedacousticstructureinteraction(
    dofp: expression,
    tfp: expression,
    dofu: expression,
    tfu: expression,
    soundspeed: expression,
    fluiddensity: expression,
    normal: expression,
    neperattenuation: expression,
    scaling: float = 1.0
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This function defines the bi-directional coupling for acoustic-structure interaction at the medium interface. Field is the acoustic pressure and field is the mechanical displacement. Calling the normal to the interface pointing out of the solid region, the bi-directional coupling is obtained by adding the fluid pressure loading to the structure

as well as linking the structure acceleration to the fluid pressure normal derivative using Newton's law:

To have a good matrix conditioning a scaling factor (e.g ) can be provided. In this case, the pressure source is divided by and, to compensate, the pressure force is multiplied by . This leads to the correct membrane deflection but the pressure field is divided by the scaling factor.

An acoustic attenuation value can be provided (in ) in case of harmonic problems. For convenience use the function dbtoneper() to convert attenuation values to .

Example

>>> ...
>>> u = field("h1xy", [2,3])
>>> u.setorder(sur, 2)
>>> acoustics += integral(left, predefinedacousticstructureinteraction(dof(p), tf(p), dof(u), tf(u), 340, 1.2, array2x1(1,0), dbtoneper(500), 1e10)

`predefinedacousticwave`

def predefinedacousticwave(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> List[Tuple[quanscient.expression, int, quanscient.preconditioner]]

This function defines the equation for (linear) acoustic wave propagation:

An acoustic attenuation value can be provided (in ) in case of harmonic problems. For convenience use the function dbtoneper() to convert attenuation values to .

Parameters

dofp : expression : dof of the acoustic pressure field.

tfp : expression : test function of the acoustic pressure field.

soundspeed: speed of sound in . neperattenuation: attenuation in . pmlterms : List[expression] : List of pml terms.

precondtype : str : Type of precondition. The default is an empty string "".

Examples

Example 1: predefinedacousticwave(dofp:expression, tfp:expression, soundspeed:expression, neperattenuation:expression, precondtype:str="")

In the illustrative example below, a highly-attenuated acoustic wave propogation in a rectangular 2D box is simulated.

>>> sur=1; left=2; wall=3
>>> h=10e-3; l=50e-3
>>> q = shape("quadrangle", sur, [0,0,0, l,0,0, l,h,0, 0,h,0], [250,50,250,50])
>>> ll = q.getsons()[3]
>>> ll.setphysicalregion(left)
>>> lwall = shape("union", wall, [q.getsons()[0], q.getsons()[1], q.getsons()[2]])
>>>
>>> mymesh = mesh([q, ll, lwall])
>>>
>>> setfundamentalfrequency(40e3)
>>>
>>> # Wave propogation requires both the in-phase (2) and quadrature (3) harmonics:
>>> p=field("h1", [2,3]); y=field("y")
>>> p.setorder(sur, 2)
>>> # In-phase only pressure source
>>> p.harmonic(2).setconstraint(left, y*(h-y)/(h*h/4))
>>> p.harmonic(3).setconstraint(left, 0)
>>> p.setconstraint(wall)
>>>
>>> acoustics = formulation()
>>> acoustics += integral(sur, predefinedacousticwave(dof(p), tf(p), 340, dbtoneper(500)))
>>> acoustics.solve()
>>> p.write(sur, "p.vtu", 2)
>>>
>>> # Write 50 timesteps for a time visualization
>>> # p.write(sur, "p.vtu", 2, 50)

Example 2: predefinedacousticwave(dofp:expression, tfp:expression, soundspeed:expression, neperattenuation:expression, pmlterms:List[expression], precondtype:str="")

This is the same as the previous example but with PML boundary conditions.

>>> ...
>>> pmlterms = [detDr, detDi, Dr, Di, invDr, invDi]
>>> acoustics += integral(sur, predefinedacousticwave(dof(p), tf(p), 340, 0, pmlterms))

`predefinedadvectiondiffusion`

def predefinedadvectiondiffusion(
    doff: expression,
    tff: expression,
    v: expression,
    alpha: expression,
    beta: expression,
    gamma: expression,
    isdivvzero: bool = True
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This defines the weak formulation for the generalized advection-diffusion equation:

where is the scalar quantity of interest and is the velocity that the quantity is moving with. With and set to unit, the classical advection-diffusion equation with diffusivity tensor is obtained. Set isdivvzero to True if is zero (for incompressible flows).

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> T = field("h1")
>>> v = field("h1xyz")
>>> T.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> advdiff = formulation()
>>> advdiff += integral(vol, predefinedadvectiondiffusion(dof(T), tf(T), v, 1e-4, 1.0, 1.0, True))

`predefinedaml`

def predefinedaml(
    c: expression,
    shifted: bool = False
) ‑> List[quanscient.expression]

`predefinedboxpml`

def predefinedboxpml(
    pmlreg: int,
    innerreg: int,
    c: expression,
    shifted: bool = False
) ‑> List[quanscient.expression]

This is a collective MPI operation and hence must be called by all the ranks. This function returns

where is the PML transformation matrix for a square box in a square box. A hyperbolic or shifted hyperbolic PML can be selected with the last argument.

Example

>>> ...
>>> k = 2*getpi()*freq/c    # wave number
>>> Dterms = predefinedboxpml(pmlreg, innerreg, k)

`predefineddiffusion`

def predefineddiffusion(
    doff: expression,
    tff: expression,
    alpha: expression,
    beta: expression
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This defines the weak formulation for the generalized diffusion equation:

where is the scalar quantity of interest. With set to unit, the classical diffusion equation with diffusivity tensor is obtained.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol=1; top=3
>>>
>>> # Temperature field in [K]:
>>> T = field("h1")
>>> T.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> T.setconstraint(top, 298)
>>>
>>> # Material properties:
>>> k = 237.0   # thermal conductivity of aluminium [W/mK]
>>> cp = 897.0  # heat capacity of aluminium [J/kgK]
>>> rho = 2700  # density of aluminium [Kg/m^3]
>>>
>>> heatequation = formulation()
>>> heatequation += integral(vol, predefineddiffusion(dof(T), tf(T), k, rho*cp))

`predefinedelasticity`

def predefinedelasticity(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This defines a classical linear elasticity formulation.

Examples

Example 1: predefinedelasticity(dofu:expression, tfu:expression, Eyoung:expression, nupoisson:Expression, myoption:str="")

This defines a classical linear isotropic elasticity formulation whose strong form is:

where,

is the displacement field vector
is the Cauchy stress tensor in Voigt notation
is the strain tensor in Voigt notation
is the order elasticity/stiffness tensor
is the volumetric body force vector
is the mass density

This is used when the material is isotropic. u is the mechanical displacement, Eyoung is the Young's modulus [Pa] and nupoisson is the Poisson's ratio. In 2D the option string must be either set to "planestrain" or "planestress" for a plane strain or plane stress assumption respectively.

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol=1; sur=2; top=3
>>>
>>> u = field("h1xyz")
>>> u.setorder(vol, 2)
>>> u.setconstraint(sur)
>>>
>>> elasticity = formulation()
>>> elasticity += integral(vol, predefinedelasticity(dof(u), tf(u), 150e9, 0.3))
>>>
>>> # elasticity += integral(vol, -2300*dtdt(dof(u)) * tf(u)); # 2300 is mass density
>>>
>>> # Atmospheric pressure load (volumetric force) on top face deformed by field u (might require a nonlinear iteration)
>>> elasticity += integral(top, u, -normal(vol)*1e5 * tf(u))
>>>
>>> elasticity.solve()
>>> u.write(top, "u.vtk", 2)

Example 2: predefinedelasticity(dofu:expression, tfu:expression, elasticitymatrix:expression, myoption:str="")

This extends the previous definition (Example 1) to general anisotropic materials. The elasticity matrix [Pa] must be provided such that it relates the stress and strain in Voigt notation.

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol=1; sur=2; top=3
>>>
>>> u = field("h1xyz")
>>> u.setorder(vol, 2)
>>> u.setconstraint(sur)
>>>
>>> # It is enough to only provide the lower triangular part of the elasticity matrix as it is symmetric
>>> H = expression(6,6, [195e9, 36e9,195e9, 64e9,64e9,166e9, 0,0,0,80e9, 0,0,0,0,80e9, 0,0,0,0,0,51e9])
>>>
>>> elasticity = formulation()
>>> elasticity += integral(vol, predefinedelasticity(dof(u), tf(u), H))
>>>
>>> # elasticity += integral(vol, -2300*dtdt(dof(u)) * tf(u)); # 2300 is mass density
>>>
>>> # Atmospheric pressure load (volumetric force) on top face deformed by field u (might require a nonlinear iteration)
>>> elasticity += integral(top, u, -normal(vol)*1e5 * tf(u))
>>>
>>> elasticity.solve()
>>> u.write(top, "u.vtk", 2)

Example 3: predefinedelasticity(dofu:expression, tfu:expression, u:field, Eyoung:expression, nupoisson:expression, prestress:expression, myoption:str="")

This defines an isotropic linear elasticity formulation with geometric nonlinearity taken into account (full-Lagrangian formulation using the Green-Lagrange strain tensor). Problems with large displacements and rotations can be simulated with this equation but strains must always remain small. Buckling, snap-through and the likes or eigenvalues of prestressed structures can be simulated with the above equation in combination with a nonlinear iteration loop.

The prestress vector [Pa] must be provided in Voigt notation . Set the prestress expressiom to for no prestress.

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol=1; sur=2; top=3
>>>
>>> u = field("h1xyz")
>>> u.setorder(vol, 2)
>>>
>>> ... # boundary conditions
>>>
>>> prestress = expression(6,1, [10e6,0,0,0,0,0])
>>>
>>> elasticity = formulation()
>>> elasticity += integral(vol, predefinedelasticity(dof(u), tf(u), u, 150e9, 0.3, prestress))
>>> elasticity += integral(vol, -2300*dtdt(dof(u)) * tf(u)); # 2300 is mass density
>>>
>>> ... # nonlinear iteration loop

Example 4: predefinedelasticity(dofu:expression, tfu:expression, u:field, elasticitymatrix:expression, prestress:expression, myoption:str="")

This extends the previous definition (Example 3) to general anisotropic materials. The elasticity matrix [Pa] must be provided such that it relates the stress and strain in Voigt notation. Similarly, the prestress vector [Pa] must be also provided in Voigt notation .

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol=1; sur=2; top=3
>>>
>>> u = field("h1xyz")
>>> u.setorder(vol, 2)
>>>
>>> ... # boundary conditions
>>>
>>> # It is enough to only provide the lower triangular part of the elasticity matrix as it is symmetric
>>> H = expression(6,6, [195e9, 36e9,195e9, 64e9,64e9,166e9, 0,0,0,80e9, 0,0,0,0,80e9, 0,0,0,0,0,51e9])
>>>
>>> prestress = expression(6,1, [10e6,0,0,0,0,0])
>>>
>>> elasticity = formulation()
>>> elasticity += integral(vol, predefinedelasticity(dof(u), tf(u), u, H, prestress))
>>> elasticity += integral(vol, -2300*dtdt(dof(u)) * tf(u)); # 2300 is mass density
>>>
>>> ... # nonlinear iteration loop

`predefinedelasticwave`

def predefinedelasticwave(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> List[Tuple[quanscient.expression, int, quanscient.preconditioner]]

`predefinedelectrostaticforce`

def predefinedelectrostaticforce(
    input: expression,
    E: expression,
    epsilon: expression
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This function defines the weak formulation term for electrostatic forces. The first argument is the mechanical displacement test function or its gradient, the second is the electric field expression and the third argument is the electric permittivity ( must be a scalar).

Let us call [] the electrostatic Maxwell stress tensor:

where is the electric permittivity, is the electric field and is the identity matrix. The electrostatic force density is N/m^3 so that the loading for a mechanical problem can be obtained by adding the following term:

where is the mechanical displacement. The term can be rewritten in the form that is provided by this function:

where is the infinitesimal strain tensor. This is identical to what is obtained using the virtual work principle. For details refer to 'Domain decomposition techniques for the nonlinear, steady state, finite element simulation of MEMS ultrasonic transducer arrays', page 40.

In this function, a region should be provided to the test function argument to compute the force only for the degrees of freedom associated to that specific region (in the example below with tf(u, top) the force only acts on the surface region 'top'. In any case, a correct force calculation requires including in the integration domain all elements in the region where the force acts and in the element layer around it (in the example below 'vol' includes all volume elements touching surface 'top').

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol=1; top=3
>>> v=field("h1"); u=field("h1xyz")
>>> v.setorder(vol,1)
>>> u.setorder(vol,2)
>>>
>>> elasticity = formulation()
>>> elasticity += integral(vol, predefinedelasticity(dof(u), tf(u), 150e9, 0.3))
>>> elasticity += integral(vol, predefinedelectrostaticforce(tf(u,top), -grad(v), 8.854e-12))

`predefinedelectrostatics`

def predefinedelectrostatics(
    dofv: expression,
    tfv: expression,
    epsilon: expression,
    precondtype: str = ''
) ‑> Tuple[quanscient.expression, quanscient.preconditioner]

`predefinedemwave`

def predefinedemwave(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> Tuple[quanscient.expression, quanscient.preconditioner]

This defines the equation for (linear) electromagnetic wave propagation:

where is the electric field, is the magnetic permeability, is the electric permiitivity and is the electric conductivity. The real and imaginary parts of each material property can be provided.

Parameters

dofE : expression : dof of the electric field.

tfE : expression : test function of the electric field.

mur : expression : real part of the magnetic permeability .

mui : expression : imaginary part of the magnetic permeability .

epsr : expression : real part of the electric permittivity .

epsi : expression : imaginary part of the electric permittivity .

sigr : expression : real part of the electric conductivity .

sigi : expression : imaginary part of the electric conductivity .

pmlterms : List[expression] : List of pml terms.

precondtype : str : Type of precondition. The default is an empty string "".

Examples

Example 1: predefinedemwave(dofE:expression, tfE:expression, mur:expression, mui:expression, epsr:expression, epsi:expression, sigr:expression, sigi:expression, precondtype:str="")

>>> ...
>>> E = field("hcurl", [2,3])
>>> ...
>>> maxwell += integral(sur, predefinedemwave(dof(E), tf(E), mu0,0, epsilon0,0, 0,0))

Example 2: predefinedemwave(dofE:expression, tfE:expression, mur:expression, mui:expression, epsr:expression, epsi:expression, sigr:expression, sigi:expression, pmlterms:List[expression], precondtype:str="")

This is the same as the previous example but with PML boundary conditions.

>>> ...
>>> pmlterms = [detDr, detDi, Dr, Di, invDr, invDi]
>>> maxwell += integral(sur, predefinedemwave(dof(E), tf(E), mu0,0, epsilon0,0, 0,0, pmlterms))

`predefinedlinearpoissonwalldistance`

def predefinedlinearpoissonwalldistance(
    physreg: int,
    wallreg: int,
    interpolationorder: int = 1,
    relresddmtol: float = 1e-12,
    maxnumddmit: int = 500,
    relerrnltol: float = 1e-06,
    maxnumnlit: int = 100,
    project: bool = True,
    verbosity: int = 1
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This function calculates and returns distance values from the wall based on the linear Poisson wall distance equation:

where is the approximate wall distance function. The distance is calculated for the physical region physreg from the walls defined in wallreg argument.

More information can be found in Computations of Wall Distances Based on Differential Equations Paul G. Tucker, Chris L. Rumsey, Philippe R. Spalart, Robert E. Bartels, and Robert T. Biedron AIAA Journal 2005 43:3, 539-549, https://doi.org/10.2514/1.8626open in new window .

The system is linear and hence a linear solver is used. After calculating the distance function , a better approximation of distance is obtained as follows:

This wall distance uses an above-zero limiter during calculation. Thus, to ensure that the distance value obtained is smooth, set the project argument to True. This will solve a projection of the distance values at the end and return a smooth solution.

Excerpts from the above paper: "The derivation of the above formula for assumes extensive (infinite) coordinates in the non-normal wall directions. Hence, the distance is only accurate close to walls. However, turbulence models only need 'd' accurate close to walls."

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("2D_Flatplate_35x25.msh")
>>>
>>> # physical regions
>>> fluid=1, inlet=2, outlet=3, top=4, bot_upstream=5, plate=6
>>>
>>> linearpoisson_wd = predefinedlinearpoissonwalldistance(fluid, wall);

`predefinedmagnetostaticforce`

def predefinedmagnetostaticforce(
    input: expression,
    H: expression,
    mu: expression
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This function defines the weak formulation term for magnetostatic forces. The first argument ist the mechanical displacement test function or its gradient, the second is the magnetic field expression and the third argument is the magnetic permeability ( must be a scalar).

Let us call [] the magnetostatic Maxwell stress tensor:

where is the magnetic permeability, is the magnetic field and is the identity matrix. The magnetostatic force density is N/m^3 so that the loading for a mechanical problem can be obtained by adding the following term:

where is the mechanical displacement. The term can be rewritten in the form that is provided by this function:

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol=1; top=3
>>> phi=field("h1"); u=field("h1xyz")
>>> phi.setorder(vol,1)
>>> u.setorder(vol,2)
>>>
>>> elasticity = formulation()
>>> elasticity += integral(vol, predefinedelasticity(dof(u), tf(u), 150e9, 0.3))
>>> elasticity += integral(vol, predefinedelectrostaticforce(tf(u,top), -grad(phi), 4*getpi()*1e-7))

`predefinedmagnetostatics`

def predefinedmagnetostatics(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> Tuple[quanscient.expression, quanscient.preconditioner]

`predefinednavierstokes`

def predefinednavierstokes(
    dofv: expression,
    tfv: expression,
    v: expression,
    dofp: expression,
    tfp: expression,
    mu: expression,
    rho: expression,
    dtrho: expression,
    gradrho: expression,
    includetimederivs: bool = False,
    isdensityconstant: bool = True,
    isviscosityconstant: bool = True,
    precondtype: str = ''
) ‑> Tuple[quanscient.expression, quanscient.preconditioner]

This defines the weak formulation for the general (nonlinear) flow of Newtonian fluids:

where,

is the fluid density
is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid
is the pressure
is the flow velocity

The formulation is provided in a form leading to a quadratic (Newton) convergence when solved iteratively in a loop. This formulation is only valid to simulate laminar as well as turbulent flows. Using it to simulate turbulent flows leads to a so- called DNS method (direct numerical simulation). DNS does not require any turbulence model since it takes into account the whole range of spatial and temporal scales of the turbulence. Therefore, it requires a spatial and time refinement that for industrial applications typically exceeds the computing power of the most advanced supercomputers. As an alternative, RANS and LES method can be used for turbulent flow simulation.

The transition from a laminar to a turbulent flow is linked to a threshold value of the Reynolds number. For a flow in pipes typical Reynolds number below which the flow is laminar is about .

Arguments dtrho and gradrho are respectively the time derivative and the gradient of the density while includetimederivs gives the option to include or not the time-derivative terms in the formulation. In case the density constant argument is set to True, the fluid is supposed incompressible and the Navier-Stokes equations are further simplified since the divergence of the velocity is zero. If the viscosity in space (it does not have to be constant in time) the constant viscosity argument can be set to True. By default, the density and viscosity are supposed constant and the time-derivative terms are not included. Please note that to simulate the Stokes flow the LBB condition has to be satisfied. This is achieved by using nodal (h1) type shape functions with an interpolation order of at least one higher for the velocity field than for the pressure field. Alternatively, an additional isotropic diffusive term or other stabilization techniques can be used to overcome the LBB limitation.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("microvalve.msh")
>>> fluid = 2   # physical region
>>>
>>> v=field("h1xy"); p=field("h1")
>>> v.setorder(fluid, 2)
>>> p.setorder(fluid, 1)    # Satisfies the LBB condition
>>>
>>> laminar = formulation()
>>> laminar += integral(fluid, predefinednavierstokes(dof(v), tf(v), v, dof(p), tf(p), 8.9e-4, 1000, 0, 0))

`predefinednavierstokescrosswindstabilization`

def predefinednavierstokescrosswindstabilization(
    dofv: expression,
    tfv: expression,
    v: expression,
    p: expression,
    diffusivity: expression,
    rho: expression,
    gradv: List[expression],
    vorder: int
) ‑> quanscient.expression

`predefinednavierstokesstreamlinestabilization`

def predefinednavierstokesstreamlinestabilization(
    dofv: expression,
    tfv: expression,
    v: expression,
    dofp: expression,
    tfp: expression,
    diffusivity: expression,
    rho: expression,
    gradv: List[expression],
    vorder: int,
    pspg: bool,
    lsic: bool
) ‑> quanscient.expression

`predefinednonlinearpoissonwalldistance`

def predefinednonlinearpoissonwalldistance(
    physreg: int,
    wallreg: int,
    poissonparameter: int,
    interpolationorder: int = 1,
    relresddmtol: float = 1e-12,
    maxnumddmit: int = 500,
    relerrnltol: float = 1e-06,
    maxnumnlit: int = 100,
    project: bool = True,
    verbosity: int = 1
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This function calculates and returns distance values from the wall based on a generic p-Posison wall distance equation:

where is the approximate wall distance function and is the Poisson parameter. The distance is calculated for the physical region physreg from the walls defined in wallreg argument. The Poisson parameter must be larger than or equal to 2. Higher the parameter better the distance field approximation. The term represents an apparent diffusion coefficient. When , the equation reduces to the linear Poisson wall distance. See predefinedlinearpoissonwalldistance().

More information can be found in Wall-Distance Calculation for Turbulence Modelling, J. C. Bakker, Delft University of Technology. http://samofar.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Bakker_Jelle_BSc-thesis_2018.pdfopen in new window .

The above system is non-linear and hence an iterative Newton solver is used. After calculating the distance function , a better approximation of distance is obtained as follows:

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("2D_Flatplate_35x25.msh")
>>>
>>> # physical regions
>>> fluid=1, inlet=2, outlet=3, top=4, bot_upstream=5, plate=6
>>>
>>> nonlinearpoisson_wd = predefinednonlinearpoissonwalldistance(fluid, wall, p=4);

`predefinedreciprocalwalldistance`

def predefinedreciprocalwalldistance(
    physreg: int,
    wallreg: int,
    reflength: float,
    smoothpar: float = 0.5,
    interpolationorder: int = 1,
    relresddmtol: float = 1e-12,
    maxnumddmit: int = 500,
    relerrnltol: float = 1e-06,
    maxnumnlit: int = 100,
    verbosity: int = 1
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This function calculates and returns distance values from the wall based on the reciprocal wall distance (G=1/d) equation:

The distance is calculated for the physical region physreg from the walls defined in wallreg argument.

More information can be found in Fares, E., and W. Schröder. "A differential equation for approximate wall distance." International journal for numerical methods in fluids 39.8 (2002): 743-762.

Excerpts from the above paper: "The desired smoothing is controlled by the value of the smoothing parameter . The larger the value means a stronger smoothing at sharp edges (but also a large deviation from exact distances). The value of the wall boundary condition influences the smoothing too.

Reference length is relevant in the definition of the initial and boundary conditions. For geometries with just one-sided wall, does not play a role- since the solution is the exact distance for all and . This formulation promises an enhancement of turbulence models at strongly curved surfaces."

Smaller and larger allow for better approximations of distances although at times it can be difficult to obtain convergence. In such cases, lowering the improves.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("2D_Flatplate_35x25.msh")
>>>
>>> # physical regions
>>> fluid=1, inlet=2, outlet=3, top=4, bot_upstream=5, plate=6
>>>
>>> reciprocal_wd = predefinedreciprocalwalldistance(fluid, wall, Lref=0.15);

`predefinedslipwall`

def predefinedslipwall(
    physreg: int,
    dofv: expression,
    tfv: expression,
    dofp: expression,
    tfp: expression,
    diffusivity: expression,
    rho: expression,
    vorder: int
) ‑> quanscient.expression

`predefinedstabilization`

def predefinedstabilization(
    stabtype: str,
    delta: expression,
    f: expression,
    v: expression,
    diffusivity: expression,
    residual: expression
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This function defines the isotropic, streamline anisotropic, crosswind, crosswind shockwave, streamline Petrov_Galerkin and streamline upwind Petrov-Galerkin stabilization methods for the advection-diffusion problem:

where is the scalar quantity of interest, is the velocity that the quantity is moving with and is the diffusivity tensor.

A characteristic number of advection-diffusion problems is the Peclet number:

where is the length of each mesh element. It quantifies the relative importance of advective and diffusive transport rates. When the Peclet number is large () the problem is dominated by faster advection (higher advection transport) and prone to spurious oscillations in the solution. Although lowering the Peclet number can be achieved by refining the mesh, a classical alternative is to add stabilization terms to the original equation. A proper choice of stabilization should remove oscillations while changing the original problem as little as possible. In the most simple method proposed (isotropic diffusion), the diffusivity is artificially increased to lower the Peclet number. The more advanced method proposed attempts to add artificial diffusion only where it is needed. In the crosswind shockwave, SPG and SUPG methods the residual of the advection-diffusion equation is used to quantify the local amount of diffusion to add. The terms provided by the proposed stabilization methods have the following form:

isotropic diffusion:
streamline anisotropic diffusion
crosswind diffusion:
crosswind shockwave:
streamline Petrov-Galerkin (SPG):
streamline upwind Petrov-Galerkin (SUPG):

where is the test function associated with field and .

To understand the effect of the crosswind diffusion one can notice that for a 2D flow in the direction only, tensor becomes

and the artificial diffusion is only added at places where has a component in the direction perpendicular to the flow.

How to use the predefined stabilization methods: Due to the large amount of artificial diffusion added by the isotropic diffusion method it should only be considered as a fallback option. In practice, a pair of one streamline and one crosswind method should be used with the smallest possible tuning factor . If the problem allows, SUPG should be preferred over SPG and crosswind shockwave should be preferred over the crosswind because the amount of diffusion added tends to be lower.

Examples

The different stabilization methods are defined for the following simulation setup:

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> c = field("h1")
>>> v = field("h1xyz")
>>> c.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> 
>>> # Diffusivity alpha (can be a tensor)
>>> alpha = expression(0.001)
>>>
>>> advdiff = formulation()
>>> advdiff += integral(vol, predefinedadvectiondiffusion(dof(c), tf(c), v, alpha, 1.0, 1.0))
>>>
>>> # Tuning factor (stablization parameter)
>>> delta = 0.5
>>>
>>> # isotropic diffusion
>>> advdiff += integral(vol, predefinedstablization("iso", delta, c, v, 0.0, 0.0))
>>>
>>> # streamline anisotropic diffusion
>>> advdiff += integral(vol, predefinedstabilization("aniso", delta, c, v, 0.0, 0.0))
>>>
>>> # crosswind diffusion
>>> advdiff += integral(vol, predefinedstabilization("cw", delta, c, v, 0.0, 0.0))

The following residual-based stabilizations require the strong-form residual. Neglecting the second-order space-derivative still leads to a good residual approximation.

>>> # The flow is supposed incompressible, i.e div(v) = 0
>>> dofresidual = dt(dof(c)) + v*grad(dof(c))   # residual at current iteration
>>> residual = dt(c) + v*grad(c)                # residual at previous iteration
>>>
>>> # crosswind shockwave diffusion: residual at previous iteration must be considered
>>> advdiff += integral(vol, predefinedstabilization("cws", delta, c, v, alpha, residual))
>>>
>>> # streamline Petrov-Galerkin diffusion
>>> advdiff += integral(vol, predefinedstabilization("spg", delta, c, v, alpha, dofresidual))
>>>
>>> # streamline upwind Petrov-Galerkin diffusion
>>> advdiff += integral(vol, predefinedstabilization("supg", delta, c, v, alpha, dofresidual))

`predefinedstabilizednavierstokes`

def predefinedstabilizednavierstokes(
    dofv: expression,
    tfv: expression,
    v: expression,
    dofp: expression,
    tfp: expression,
    p: expression,
    mu: expression,
    rho: expression,
    dtrho: expression,
    gradrho: expression,
    includetimederivs: bool,
    isdensityconstant: bool,
    isviscosityconstant: bool,
    precondtype: str,
    supg: bool,
    pspg: bool,
    lsic: bool,
    cwnd: bool,
    vorder: int,
    gradv: List[expression]
) ‑> Tuple[quanscient.expression, quanscient.preconditioner]

`predefinedstokes`

def predefinedstokes(
    dofv: expression,
    tfv: expression,
    dofp: expression,
    tfp: expression,
    mu: expression,
    rho: expression,
    dtrho: expression,
    gradrho: expression,
    includetimederivs: bool = False,
    isdensityconstant: bool = True,
    isviscosityconstant: bool = True,
    precondtype: str = ''
) ‑> Tuple[quanscient.expression, quanscient.preconditioner]

This defines the weak formulation for the Stokes (creeping) flow, a linear form of Navier-Stokes where the advective term is ignored as the inertial forces are smaller compared to the viscous forces:

where,

is the fluid density
is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid
is the pressure
is the flow velocity

This formulation is only valid to simulate the flow of Newtonian fluids (air, water, ...) with a very small Reynolds number ():

where is the characteristic length of the flow. Low flow velocities, high viscosities or small dimensions can lead to a valid Stokes flow approximation. Flows in microscale devices such as microvalves are also good candidates for Stokes flow simulations.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("microvalve.msh")
>>> fluid = 2   # physical region
>>>
>>> v=field("h1xy"); p=field("h1")
>>> v.setorder(fluid, 2)
>>> p.setorder(fluid, 1)    # Satisfies the LBB condition
>>>
>>> stokesflow = formulation()
>>> stokesflow += integral(fluid, predefinedstokes(dof(v), tf(v), dof(p), tf(p), 8.9e-4, 1000, 0, 0))

`predefinedstreamlinestabilizationparameter`

def predefinedstreamlinestabilizationparameter(
    v: expression,
    diffusivity: expression
) ‑> quanscient.expression

`predefinedturbulencecrosswindstabilization`

def predefinedturbulencecrosswindstabilization(
    v: expression,
    rho: expression,
    dofk: expression,
    tfk: expression,
    kp: expression,
    gradk: expression,
    productionk: expression,
    dissipationknodof: expression,
    diffusivityk: expression,
    korder: int,
    dofepsomega: expression,
    tfepsomega: expression,
    epsomegap: expression,
    gradepsomega: expression,
    productionepsomega: expression,
    dissipationepsomeganodof: expression,
    diffusivityepsomega: expression,
    epsomegaorder: int,
    fv1: expression,
    cdkomega: expression
) ‑> quanscient.expression

`predefinedturbulencemodelsstkomega`

def predefinedturbulencemodelsstkomega(
    v: expression,
    rho: expression,
    viscosity: expression,
    walldistance: expression,
    dofk: expression,
    tfk: expression,
    kp: expression,
    gradk: expression,
    korder: int,
    dofomega: expression,
    tfomega: expression,
    omegap: expression,
    logomega: expression,
    gradomega: expression,
    omegaorder: int,
    stabsupgkomega: bool,
    stabcwdkomega: bool
) ‑> quanscient.expression

`predefinedturbulencestreamlinestabilization`

def predefinedturbulencestreamlinestabilization(
    v: expression,
    rho: expression,
    dofk: expression,
    tfk: expression,
    gradk: expression,
    productionk: expression,
    dissipationk: expression,
    diffusivityk: expression,
    korder: int,
    dofepsomega: expression,
    tfepsomega: expression,
    gradepsomega: expression,
    productionepsomega: expression,
    dissipationepsomega: expression,
    diffusivityepsomega: expression,
    epsomegaorder: int,
    fv1: expression,
    cdkomega: expression
) ‑> quanscient.expression

`printonrank`

def printonrank(
    rank: int,
    toprint: str
) ‑> None

`printsparameters`

def printsparameters(
    Sparams: List[List[float]],
    polar: bool = True
) ‑> None

`printtotalforce`

def printtotalforce(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> List[float]

This prints the total force and its unit. The total force value is returned.

Examples

Example 1: printtotalforce(physreg:int, EorH:expression, epsilonormu:expression, extraintegrationorder:int=0)

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> phi = field("h1")
>>> phi.setorder(vol, 2)
>>>
>>> mu0 = 4 * getpi() * 1e-7
>>> mu = parameter()
>>> mu.setvalue(vol, mu0)
>>> printtotalforce(vol, -grad(phi), mu)

Example 2: printtotalforce(physreg:int, meshdeform:expression, EorH:expression, epsilonormu:expression, extraintegrationorder:int=0)

This is similar to the above function but the total force is computed and returned on the mesh deformed by the field u.

>>> ...
>>> u = field("h1xyz")
>>> u.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> printtotalforce(vol, u, -grad(phi), mu)

`printvector`

def printvector(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> None

This prints of the vector as well as its values.

Parameters

input : List[double/int/bool] : A list of double/int/bool elements.

Example

>>> v = [2.4, 3.14, -0.1]
>>> printvector(v)
Vector size is 3
2.4 3.14 -0.1

`printversion`

def printversion() ‑> None

`receive`

def receive(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> None

`rectangularport`

def rectangularport(
    portphysreg: int,
    modetype: str,
    mmode: int,
    nmode: int,
    mu: expression,
    eps: expression,
    cxynodecoords: List[List[float]],
    integrationorder: int = 5
) ‑> Tuple[quanscient.expression, quanscient.expression]

`scatter`

def scatter(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> None

`scatterwrite`

def scatterwrite(
    filename: str,
    xcoords: List[float],
    ycoords: List[float],
    zcoords: List[float],
    compxevals: List[float],
    compyevals: List[float] = [],
    compzevals: List[float] = []
) ‑> None

This writes to the output file a scalar or vector values at given coordinates. If atleast one of the compyevals or compzevals is not empty then the values saved are vectors and not scalars. For scalars, only compxevals must be provided.

Raises

RuntimeError : if length of all the list arguments are not identical.

Example

>>> Define coordinates of three points: (0.0,0.0,0.0), (1.0,1.0,0.0) and (2.0,2.0,0.0)
>>> coordx = [0.0, 1.0, 2.0]
>>> coordy = [0.0, 1.0, 2.0]
>>> coordz = [0.0, 0.0, 0.0]
>>>
>>> vals = [10, 20, 30]
>>> scatterwrite("scalarvalues.vtk", coordx, coordy, coordz, vals)
>>>
>>> xvals = [10, 20, 30]
>>> yvals = [40, 50, 60]
>>> scatterwrite("vectorvalues.vtk", coordx, coordy, coordz, xvals, yvals)

`selectall`

def selectall() ‑> int

Returns a new or an existing physical region that covers the entire domain.

Returns

int : Physical region that covers the entire domain.

Example

>>> rega = 1; regb = 2
>>> qa = shape("quadrangle", rega, {0,0,0, 1,0,0, 1,1,0, 0,1,0}, {5,5,5,5})
>>> qb = shape("quadrangle", regb, {1,0,0, 2,0,0, 2,1,0, 1,1,0}, {5,5,5,5})
>>> mymesh = mesh([qa, qb])
>>> wholedomain = selectall()
>>> mymesh.write("mesh.msh")

`selectintersection`

def selectintersection(
    physregs: List[int],
    intersectdim: int
) ‑> int

Returns a new or an existing physical region that is the intersection of physical regions passed. The intersectdim argument determines the dimensional data from the intersection that would be utilized in subsequent operations such as setting constraints on a physical region or writing a field or expression to the physical region. For, intersectdim=3: from the intersection, only volumes are used in subsequent operations. intersectdim=2: from the intersection, only surfaces are used in subsequent operations. intersectdim=1: from the intersection, only lines are is used in subsequent operations. intersectdim=0: from the intersection, only points are is used in subsequent operations. This is useful in isolating only those dimensional data that might be necessary and ignoring the others arising from the intersection. Note that, the intersected region itself is not affected by intersectdim. This argument only determines which dimensional data is utilized when the intersected physical region is used in calculations or operations.

Parameters

physregs : list : List of physical regions

intersectdim : int : 0, 1, 2 or 3. This determines which dimensional data from the intersected physical region is returned.

Examples

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol=1; sur=2; top=3              # physical regions
>>>
>>> # Influence of <code>intersectdim</code>
>>> intersectdim = 3
>>> intersectedreg = selectintersection([vol, vol], intersectdim)
>>> expression(1).write(intersectedreg, "out_3D.vtk", 1)    # uses only volume from the intersectedreg
>>>
>>> intersectdim = 2
>>> intersectedreg = selectintersection([vol, vol], intersectdim)
>>> expression(1).write(intersectedreg, "out_2D.vtk", 1)    # uses only surfaces from the intersectedreg
>>>
>>> intersectdim = 1
>>> intersectedreg = selectintersection([vol, vol], intersectdim)
>>> expression(1).write(intersectedreg, "out_1D.vtk", 1)    # uses only lines from the intersectedreg
>>>
>>> intersectdim = 0
>>> intersectedreg = selectintersection([vol, vol], intersectdim)
>>> expression(1).write(intersectedreg, "out_0D.vtk", 1)    # uses only points from the intersectedreg

`selectnooverlap`

def selectnooverlap() ‑> int

Returns a new or an existing physical region that covers no-overlap domain in case of overlap DDM and the entire domain otherwise.

`selectunion`

def selectunion(
    physregs: List[int]
) ‑> int

Returns a new or an existing physical region that is the union of physical regions passed.

Parameters

physregs : list : List of physical regions

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> sur=2; top=3                    # physical regions
>>> surandtop = selectunion([2,3])  # unioned physical region

`send`

def send(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> None

`setaxisymmetry`

def setaxisymmetry() ‑> None

This call should be placed at the very beginning of the code. After the call everything will be solved assuming axisymmetry (works for 2D meshes in the xy plane only). All equations should be written in their 3D form.

Please note that in order to correctly take into account the cylindrical coordinate change, the appropriate space derivative operators should be used. For example, the gradient of a vector operator required in the mechanical strain calculation to compute the gradient of mechanical displacement should not be defined manually using dx(), dy() and dz() space derivatives. The grad() operator should instead be called on the mechanical displacement vector.

Raises

RuntimeError : If the function is called after loading a mesh.

Example

>>> setaxisymmetry()

`setdata`

def setdata(
    invec: vec
) ‑> None

`setfundamentalfrequency`

def setfundamentalfrequency(
    f: float
) ‑> None

This defines the fundamental frequency (in ) required for multi-harmonic problems.

Example

>>> setfundamentalfrequency(50)

`setmaxnumthreads`

def setmaxnumthreads(
    mnt: int
) ‑> None

Sets the maximum number of threads allowed.

Parameters

mnt : int : input value specifying the maximum number of threads allowed.

Example

>>> setmaxnumthreads(2)
>>> mnt = getmaxnumthreads()
2

`setphysicalregionshift`

def setphysicalregionshift(
    shiftamount: int
) ‑> None

This shifts the physical region numbers by shiftamount x (1 + physical region dimension) when loading a mesh.

Example

In the example the point/line/face/volume (0D/1D/2D/3D) physical region numbers will be shifted by 1000/2000/3000/4000 when a mesh is loaded.

>>> setphysicalregionshift(1000)

`settime`

def settime(
    t: float
) ‑> None

This sets the time variable t.

Example

>>> settime(1e-3)

`settimederivative`

def settimederivative(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> None

This allows us to provide the time derivative vectors to the universe.

Examples

*Example 1: settimederivative(dtx:vec)

This provides the first-order time derivate vector to the universe and removes the second-order time derivative vector.

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol=1; sur=2
>>> v = field("h1")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> v.setconstraint(sur)
>>>
>>> poisson = formulation()
>>> poisson += integral(vol, grad(dof(v))*grad(tf(v)))
>>> solt1=vec(poisson); solt2=vec(poisson)
>>> dtsol = 0.1 * (solt2 - solt1)
>>> settimederivative(dtsol)
>>> dt(v).write(vol, "dtv.pos", 1)

*Example 2: settimederivative(dtx:vec, dtdtx:vec)

This provides the first and second-order time derivative vectors to the universe.

>>> ...
>>> settimederivative(dtsol, vec(poisson))
>>> dtdt(v).write(vol, "dtdtv.pos", 1)

`sin`

def sin(
    input: expression
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This returns an expression that is the of input. The input expression is in radians.

Example

>>> expr = sin(getpi()/2)
>>> expr.print()
Expression size is 1x1
 @ row 0, col 0 :
1
>>>
>>> expr = sin(2)
>>> expr.print()
Expression size is 1x1
 @ row 0, col 0 :
0.909297

`sn`

def sn(
    n: float
) ‑> quanscient.expression

`solve`

def solve(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> quanscient.vec

This function solves an algebraic problem. This function can solve both nonlinear and linear systems. Nonlinear problems are solved with a fixed-point iteration. Linear problems can be solved with both direct and iterative solvers. Depending on the algebraic problem and the solver needed, the overloaded solve function can be called with different numbers and types of arguments as shown in the examples below.

Examples

Example 1: solve(A:mat, b:vec, soltype:str="lu", diagscaling:bool=False) -> quanscient.vec

This solves a linear algebraic problem with a (possibly reused) LU or Cholesky factorization by calling the mumps parallel direct solver via PETSC. The matrix can be diagonally scaled for improved conditioning (especially in multiphysics problems). In the case of diagonal scaling the matrix is modified after the call.

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol=1; sur=2
>>>
>>> v=field("h1"); x=field("x")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>>
>>> projection = formulation()
>>> projection += integral(vol, dof(v)*tf(v) - x*tf(v)) # linear system
>>>
>>> projection.generate()
>>> sol = solve(projection.A(), projection.b()) # mumps direct solver

Example 2: solve(A:mat, b:List[vec], soltype:str="lu") -> List[vec]

This is same as the previous example but allows us to efficiently solve for multiple right-hand side vectors .

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol=1; sur=2
>>>
>>> v=field("h1"); x=field("x")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>>
>>> projection = formulation()
>>> projection += integral(vol, (dof(v) - x)*tf(v)) # linear system
>>>
>>> projection.generate()
>>> b0 = projection.b()
>>> b1 = 2 * b0
>>> b2 = 3 * b0
>>>
>>> sol = solve(projection.A(), [b0, b1, b2]) # mumps direct solver
>>>
>>> # solution for b0
>>> v.setdata(vol, sol[0])
>>> v.write(vol, "sol0.pos", 1)
>>>
>>> # solution for b1
>>> v.setdata(vol, sol[1])
>>> v.write(vol, "sol1.pos", 1)
>>>
>>> # solution for b2
>>> v.setdata(vol, sol[2])
>>> v.write(vol, "sol2.pos", 1)

Example 3: solve(A:mat, b:vec, sol:vec, relrestol:double, maxnumit:int, soltype:str="bicgstab", precondtype:str="sor", verbosity:int=1, diagscaling:bool=False)

This solves a linear algebraic problem with a preconditioned (ilu, sor, gamg) iterative solver (gmres or bicgstab). Vector sol is used as an initial guess and holds the solution at the end of the call. Values relrestol and maxnumit give the relative residual tolerance and the maximum number of iterations to be performed by the iterative solver. The matrix can be diagonally scaled for improved conditioning (especially in multiphysics problems). In the case of diagonal scaling the matrix is modified after the call.

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol=1; sur=2
>>>
>>> v=field("h1"); x=field("x")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>>
>>> projection = formulation()
>>> projection += integral(vol, dof(v)*tf(v) - x*tf(v)) # linear system
>>>
>>> projection.generate()
>>>
>>> initsol = vec(projection)
>>> solve(projection.A(), projection.b(), initsol, 1e-8, 200) # iterative solver
>>> v.setdata(vol, initsol)
>>> print(f"Max solution value is {v.max(vol, 5)[0]}")
Max solution value is 1.013415

Example 4: solve(nltol:double, maxnumnlit:int, realxvalue:double, formuls:List[formulation], verbosity:int=1) -> int

This solves a nonlinear problem with a fixed point iteration. A relaxation value can be provided with relaxvalue argument. Usually, a relaxation value less than (under-relaxation) is used to avoid divergence of a solution.

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol=1; sur=2
>>>
>>> v=field("h1");
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> v.setconstraint(sur, 0)
>>>
>>> electrostatics = formulation()
>>> electrostatics += integral(vol, grad(dof(v))*grad(tf(v)) + v*tf(v) )
>>>
>>> solve(1e-4, 100, 1.0, [electrostatics])

`sqrt`

def sqrt(
    input: expression
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This returns an expression that is the square root of the input expression.

Example

>>> expr = sqrt(2)
>>> expr.print()
Expression size is 1x1
 @ row 0, col 0 :
1.41421

`strain`

def strain(
    input: expression
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This defines the (linear) engineering strains in Voigt form . The input can either be the displacement field or its gradient.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> u = field("h1xyz")
>>> engstrain = strain(u)
>>> engstrain.print()

`sum`

def sum(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> None

`t`

def t() ‑> quanscient.expression

This gives the time variable in the form of an expression. The evaluation gives a value equal to gettime().

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> v = field("h1")
>>> v.setconstraint(vol, sin(2*t()))

`tan`

def tan(
    input: expression
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This returns an expression that is the of input. The input expression is in radians.

Example

>>> expr = tan(getpi()/4)
>>> expr.print()
Expression size is 1x1
 @ row 0, col 0 :
1
>>>
>>> expr = tan(1)
>>> expr.print()
Expression size is 1x1
 @ row 0, col 0 :
1.55741

`tangent`

def tangent() ‑> quanscient.expression

This defines a tangent vector with unit norm.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> top=3
>>> tangent().write(top, "tangent.vtk", 1)

`tf`

def tf(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This declares a test function field. The test functions are defined only on the region physreg which when not provided is set to the element integration region.

Examples

Example 1: tf(input:expression)

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol=1; sur=2
>>> v = field("h1")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> projection = formulation()
>>> projection += integral(vol, dof(v)*tf(v) - 2*tf(v))

Example 2: tf(input:expression, physreg:int)

>>> ...
>>> projection += integral(vol, dof(v)*tf(v, vol) - 2*tf(v))

`trace`

def trace(
    a: expression
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This computes the trace of a square matrix expression. The returned expression is a scalar.

Example

>>> a = array2x2(1,2, 3,4)
>>> tracea = trace(a)
>>> tracea.print()
Expression size is 1x1
 @ row 0, col 0 :
5

`transpose`

def transpose(
    input: expression
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This returns an expression that is the transpose of a vector or matrix expression.

Example

>>> colvec = array3x1(1,2,3)
>>> rowvec = transpose(colvec)
>>> rowvec.print()
Expression size is 1x3
 @ row 0, col 0 :
1
 @ row 0, col 1 :
2
 @ row 0, col 2 :
3
>>> matexpr = expression(3,3, [1,2,3, 4,5,6, 7,8,9])
>>> transposed = transpose(matexpr)

`vonmises`

def vonmises(
    stress: expression
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This returns the von Mises stress expression corresponding to the 3D stress tensor provided as argument. The stress tensor should be provided in Voigt form .

For 2D plane stress problems all related components of the stress tensor are . For plane strain problems do not forget the term $\sigma_{zz} = \nu \cdot (\sigma_{xx} + \sigma_{yy}).

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol=1; sur=2; top=3
>>> u = field("h1xyz")
>>> u.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> u.setconstraint(sur)
>>>
>>> # Material properties
>>> E = 150e9
>>> nu = 0.3
>>>
>>> # Elasticity matrix for isotropic materials
>>> H = expression(6,6, [1-nu,nu,nu,0,0,0, nu,1-nu,nu,0,0,0, nu,nu,1-nu,0,0,0, 0,0,0,0.5*(1-2*nu),0,0, 0,0,0,0,0.5*(1-2*nu),0, 0,0,0,0,0,0.5*(1-2*nu)])
>>> H = H * E/((1+nu)*(1-2*nu))
>>>
>>> elasticity = formulation()
>>> elasticity += integral(vol, predefinedelasticity(dof(u), tf(u), H))
>>>
>>> # Atmospheric pressure load (volumetric force) on top face deformed by field u (might require a nonlinear iteration)
>>> elasticity += integral(top, u, -normal(vol)*1e5 * tf(u))
>>>
>>> elasticity.solve()
>>>
>>> cauchystress = H * strain(u)
>>> vonmisesstress = vonmises(cauchystress)
>>>
>>> vonmisesstress.write(vol, "vonmises.vtk", 1)
>>> maxvonmises = vonmisesstress.max(vol, 5)[0]
>>> maxvonmises

`wallfunction`

def wallfunction(
    fluidphysreg: int,
    flds: List[field],
    exprs: List[expression],
    wftype: str
) ‑> List[quanscient.expression]

`writecsvfile`

def writecsvfile(
    filename: str,
    header: str,
    values: List[str]
) ‑> None

`writeshapefunctions`

def writeshapefunctions(
    filename: str,
    sftypename: str,
    elementtypenumber: int,
    maxorder: int,
    allorientations: bool = False
) ‑> None

This writes to file all shape functions up to a requested order. It is a convenient tool to visualize the shape functions.

Example

>>> writeshapefunctions("sf.pos", "hcurl", 2, 2)

`writevector`

def writevector(
    filename: str,
    towrite: List[float],
    delimiter: str = ',',
    writesize: bool = False
) ‑> None

This writes all the entries of a list/vector to the file filename with the requested delimiter. The size of the vector can also be written at the beginning of a file if requested.

Parameters

filename : str : The name of the file to which the entries of a list/vector are written.

towrite : List : The list/vector containing the entries that needs to be written to a file.

delimiter : str, default=',' : Character separating each entry of the list/vector when writing to a file. E.g ',' or '\n'.

writesize : bool, default=False : If True, the size of the list/vector is written at the beginning of the file.

Example

>>> v = [2.4,3.14,-0.1]
>>> writevector("vecvals.txt", v)
2.4,3.14,-0.1
>>>
>>> writevector("vecvals.txt", v, ' ')
2.4 3.14 -0.1
>>>
>>> writevector("vecvals.txt", v, '\n', True)
3
2.4
3.14
-0.1

`zienkiewiczzhu`

def zienkiewiczzhu(
    input: expression
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This defines a Zienkiewicz-Zhu type error indicator for the argument expression. The value of the returned expression is constant over each element. It equals the maximum of the argument expression value jump between that element and any neighbour. In the below example, the zienkiewiczzhu(grad(v)) expression quantifies the discontinuity of the field derivative. For a non-scalar arguments the function is applied to each entry and the norm is returned.

Example

>>> sur = 1
>>> q = shape("quadrangle", sur, [0,0,0, 5,0,0, 5,1,0, 0,1,0], [10,3,10,3])
>>> mymesh = mesh([q])
>>>
>>> v=field("h1"); x=field("x"); y=field("y")
>>> v.setorder(sur, 1)
>>>
>>> criterion = zienkiewiczzhu(grad(v))
>>> # Target max criterion is 0.05
>>> maxcrit = ifpositive(criterion-0.05, 1, 0)
>>> mymesh.setadaptivity(maxcrit, 0, 3)
>>>
>>> for i in range(10):
...     fct = sin(3*x)/(x*x+1)*sin(getpi()*y)
...     v.setvalue(sur, fct)
...     v.write(sur, f"v{100+i}.vtk", 1)
...     fieldorder(v).write(sur, f"fieldorder{100+i}.vtk", 1)
...     criterion.write(sur, f"zienkiewiczzhu{100+i}.vtk", 1)
...     relL2err = sqrt(pow(v-fct,2)).integrate(sur,5) / pow(fct,2).integrate(sur,5)
...     adapt(2)

Classes

`densemat`

class densemat(
    **kwargs
)

The densemat object stores a row-major array of doubles that corresponds to a dense matrix. For storing an array of integers, see indexmat object.

Examples

There are several ways of instantiating a densemat object. They are listed below:

Example 1: densemat(numberofrows:int, numberofcolumns:int) The following creates a matrix with 2 rows and 3 columns. The entries may be undefined.

>>> B = densemat(2,3)

Example 2: densemat(numberofrows:int, numberofcolumns:int, initvalue:double) This creates a matrix with 2 rows and 3 columns. All entries are assigned the value initvalue.

>>> B = densemat(2,3, 12)
>>> B.print()
Matrix size is 2x3
12 12 12
12 12 12

Example 3: densemat(numberofrows:int, numberofcolumns:int, valvec:List[double]) This creates a matrix with 2 rows and 3 columns. The entries are assigned the values of valvec. The length of valvec is expected to be equal to the total count of entries in the matrix. So for creating a matrix of size , length of valvec must be 6.

>>> B = densemat(2,3, [1,2,3,4,5,6])
>>> B.print()
Matrix size is 2x3
1 2 3
4 5 6

Example 4: densemat(numberofrows:int, numberofcolumns:int, init:double, step:double) This creates a matrix with 2 rows and 3 columns. The first entry is assigned the value init and the consecutive entries are assigned values that increase by steps of step.

>>> B = densemat(2,3, 0, 1)
>>> B.print()
Matrix size is 2x3
0 1 2
3 4 5

Example 5: densemat(input:List[densemat]) This creates a matrix that is the vertical concatenation of input matrices. Since, the concatenation occurs vertically, the number of columns in all the input matrices must match.

>>> A = densemat(2,3, 0)
>>> B = densemat(1,3, 2)
>>> AB = densemat([A,B])
>>> AB.print()
Matrix size is 3x3
0 0 0
0 0 0
2 2 2

Methods

`count`

def count(
    self
) ‑> int

This counts and returns the total number of entries in the dense matrix.

Example

>>> B = densemat(2,3)
>>> B.count()
6

`countcolumns`

def countcolumns(
    self
) ‑> int

This counts and returns the number of columns in the dense matrix.

Example

>>> B = densemat(2,3)
>>> B.countcolumns()
3

`countrows`

def countrows(
    self
) ‑> int

This counts and returns the number of rows in the dense matrix.

Example

>>> B = densemat(2,3)
>>> B.countrows()
2

`print`

def print(
    self
) ‑> None

This prints the entries of the dense matrix.

Example

>>> B = densemat(2,3, 0,1)
>>> B.print()
Matrix size is 2x3
0 1 2
3 4 5

`printsize`

def printsize(
    self
) ‑> None

This prints the size of the dense matrix.

Example

>>> B = densemat(2,3)
>>> B.printsize()
Matrix size is 2x3

`eigenvalue`

class eigenvalue(
    **kwargs
)

The eigenvalue object allows us to solve classical, generalized and polynomial eigenvalue problems. The computation is done by SLEPc, a scalable library for eigenvalue problem computation.

Examples

Example 1: eigenvalue(A: mat)

This defines a classical eigenvalue problem

Example2.1: eigenvalue(A:mat, B:mat)

This defines a generalized eigenvalue problem . Undamped mechanical resonance modes and resonance frequencies can be calculated with this since an undamped mechanical problem can be written in the form

which for a harmonic excitation at angular frequency can be rewritten as

so that the generalized eigen value is equal to . To visualize the resonance frequencies of all calculated undamped modes the method eigenvalue.printeigenfrequencies() can be called.

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol=1; sur=2; top=3
>>>
>>> u = field("h1xyz")
>>> u.setorder(vol, 2)
>>> u.setconstraint(sur)
>>>
>>> elasticity = formulation()
>>>
>>> elasticity += integral(vol, predefinedelasticity(dof(u), tf(u), 150e-, 0.3))
>>> elasticity += integral(vol, -2300*dtdt(dof(u)) * tf(u))     #  2300 is mass density
>>>
>>> # Direct eigen solver (works only for non-DDM simulation)
>>> elasticity.generate()
>>> eig = eigenvalue(elasticity.K(), elasticity.M())
>>> eig.compute(5, 0)
>>>
>>> eig.printeigenfrequencies()
>>>
>>> eigenvalue_real = eig.geteigenvaluerealpart()
>>> eigenvalue_imag = eig.geteigenvalueimaginarypart()
>>>
>>> eigenvector_real = eig.geteigenvectorrealpart()
>>> eigenvector_imag = eig.geteigenvectorimaginarypart()

Example2.2: eigenvalue(form: formulation)

This is same as the example 2.1 but the eigen solution is obtained iteratively. This can be used for both non-DDM and DDM simulation case setup.

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol=1; sur=2; top=3
>>>
>>> u = field("h1xyz")
>>> u.setorder(vol, 2)
>>> u.setconstraint(sur)
>>>
>>> elasticity = formulation()
>>>
>>> elasticity += integral(vol, predefinedelasticity(dof(u), tf(u), 150e-, 0.3))
>>> elasticity += integral(vol, -2300*dtdt(dof(u)) * tf(u))     #  2300 is mass density
>>>
>>> # Iterative eigen solver
>>> eig = eigenvalue(elasticity)
>>> eig.settolerance(1e-6, 1000)
>>> eig.allcompute(1e-6, 1000, 5, 0)
>>>
>>> eig.printeigenfrequencies()
>>>
>>> eigenvalue_real = eig.geteigenvaluerealpart()
>>> eigenvalue_imag = eig.geteigenvalueimaginarypart()
>>>
>>> eigenvector_real = eig.geteigenvectorrealpart()
>>> eigenvector_imag = eig.geteigenvectorimaginarypart()

Example 3: eigenvalue(K: mat, C:mat, M:mat)

This defined a second-order polynomial eigenvalue problem which allows getting the resonance modes and resonance frequencies for damped mechanical problems. The input arguments are respectively the mechanical stiffness, damping matrix and mass matrix. A second-order polynomial eigenvalue problem attempts to find a solution of the form

which corresponds to a damped oscillation at frequency with a damping ratio

In the case of proportional damping (if and only if is symmetric) the oscillation of the undamped system is at . The undamped oscillation frequency can then be calculated as

To visualize all relevant resonance information for the computed eigenvalues the method eigenvalue.printeigenfrequencies() can be called.

Example 4: eigenvalue(inmats: List[mat])

This defines an arbitraray order polynomial eigenvalue problem.

Methods

`allcompute`

def allcompute(
    self,
    relrestol: float,
    maxnumit: int,
    numeigenvaluestocompute: int,
    targeteigenvaluemagnitude: float = 0.0,
    verbosity: int = 1
) ‑> None

This is an iterative eigen solver that attempts to compute the first numeigenvaluestocompute eigenvalues whose magnitude is closest to a target magnitude ( by default). There is no guarantee that SLEPc will return the exact number of eigenvalues requested. This can be used on both non-DDM and DDM simulation setup.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol=1; sur=2; top=3
>>>
>>> u = field("h1xyz")
>>> u.setorder(vol, 2)
>>> u.setconstraint(sur)
>>>
>>> elasticity = formulation()
>>>
>>> elasticity += integral(vol, predefinedelasticity(dof(u), tf(u), 150e-, 0.3))
>>> elasticity += integral(vol, -2300*dtdt(dof(u)) * tf(u))     #  2300 is mass density
>>>
>>> # Iterative eigen solver
>>> eig = eigenvalue(elasticity)
>>> eig.settolerance(1e-6, 1000)
>>> eig.allcompute(1e-6, 1000, 5, 0)

`compute`

def compute(
    self,
    numeigenvaluestocompute: int,
    targeteigenvaluemagnitude: float = 0.0
) ‑> None

This is a direct eigen solver that attempts to compute the first numeigenvaluestocompute eigenvalues whose magnitude is closest to a target magnitude ( by default). There is no guarantee that SLEPc will return the exact number of eigenvalues requested. This should be used only for non-DDM simulations, i.e when using single node count.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol=1; sur=2; top=3
>>>
>>> u = field("h1xyz")
>>> u.setorder(vol, 2)
>>> u.setconstraint(sur)
>>>
>>> elasticity = formulation()
>>>
>>> elasticity += integral(vol, predefinedelasticity(dof(u), tf(u), 150e-, 0.3))
>>> elasticity += integral(vol, -2300*dtdt(dof(u)) * tf(u))     #  2300 is mass density
>>>
>>> # Direct eigen solver (works only for non-DDM simulation)
>>> elasticity.generate()
>>> eig = eigenvalue(elasticity.K(), elasticity.M())
>>> eig.compute(5, 0)

`count`

def count(
    self
) ‑> int

This gets the number of eigenvalues found by SLEPc.

`geteigenvalueimaginarypart`

def geteigenvalueimaginarypart(
    self
) ‑> List[float]

This gets the imaginary part of all eigenvalues found.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol=1; sur=2; top=3
>>>
>>> u = field("h1xyz")
>>> u.setorder(vol, 2)
>>> u.setconstraint(sur)
>>>
>>> elasticity = formulation()
>>>
>>> elasticity += integral(vol, predefinedelasticity(dof(u), tf(u), 150e-, 0.3))
>>> elasticity += integral(vol, -2300*dtdt(dof(u)) * tf(u))     #  2300 is mass density
>>>
>>> # Iterative eigen solver
>>> eig = eigenvalue(elasticity)
>>> eig.settolerance(1e-6, 1000)
>>> eig.allcompute(1e-6, 1000, 5, 0)
>>>
>>> eig.printeigenfrequencies()
>>>
>>> eigenvalue_real = eig.geteigenvaluerealpart()
>>> eigenvalue_imag = eig.geteigenvalueimaginarypart()
>>>
>>> eigenvector_real = eig.geteigenvectorrealpart()
>>> eigenvector_imag = eig.geteigenvectorimaginarypart()

`geteigenvaluerealpart`

def geteigenvaluerealpart(
    self
) ‑> List[float]

This gets the real part of all eigenvalues found.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol=1; sur=2; top=3
>>>
>>> u = field("h1xyz")
>>> u.setorder(vol, 2)
>>> u.setconstraint(sur)
>>>
>>> elasticity = formulation()
>>>
>>> elasticity += integral(vol, predefinedelasticity(dof(u), tf(u), 150e-, 0.3))
>>> elasticity += integral(vol, -2300*dtdt(dof(u)) * tf(u))     #  2300 is mass density
>>>
>>> # Iterative eigen solver
>>> eig = eigenvalue(elasticity)
>>> eig.settolerance(1e-6, 1000)
>>> eig.allcompute(1e-6, 1000, 5, 0)
>>>
>>> eig.printeigenfrequencies()
>>>
>>> eigenvalue_real = eig.geteigenvaluerealpart()
>>> eigenvalue_imag = eig.geteigenvalueimaginarypart()
>>>
>>> eigenvector_real = eig.geteigenvectorrealpart()
>>> eigenvector_imag = eig.geteigenvectorimaginarypart()

`geteigenvectorimaginarypart`

def geteigenvectorimaginarypart(
    self
) ‑> List[quanscient.vec]

This gets the imaginary part of all eigenvectors found.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol=1; sur=2; top=3
>>>
>>> u = field("h1xyz")
>>> u.setorder(vol, 2)
>>> u.setconstraint(sur)
>>>
>>> elasticity = formulation()
>>>
>>> elasticity += integral(vol, predefinedelasticity(dof(u), tf(u), 150e-, 0.3))
>>> elasticity += integral(vol, -2300*dtdt(dof(u)) * tf(u))     #  2300 is mass density
>>>
>>> # Iterative eigen solver
>>> eig = eigenvalue(elasticity)
>>> eig.settolerance(1e-6, 1000)
>>> eig.allcompute(1e-6, 1000, 5, 0)
>>>
>>> eig.printeigenfrequencies()
>>>
>>> eigenvalue_real = eig.geteigenvaluerealpart()
>>> eigenvalue_imag = eig.geteigenvalueimaginarypart()
>>>
>>> eigenvector_real = eig.geteigenvectorrealpart()
>>> eigenvector_imag = eig.geteigenvectorimaginarypart()

`geteigenvectorrealpart`

def geteigenvectorrealpart(
    self
) ‑> List[quanscient.vec]

This gets the real part of all eigenvectors found.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol=1; sur=2; top=3
>>>
>>> u = field("h1xyz")
>>> u.setorder(vol, 2)
>>> u.setconstraint(sur)
>>>
>>> elasticity = formulation()
>>>
>>> elasticity += integral(vol, predefinedelasticity(dof(u), tf(u), 150e-, 0.3))
>>> elasticity += integral(vol, -2300*dtdt(dof(u)) * tf(u))     #  2300 is mass density
>>>
>>> # Iterative eigen solver
>>> eig = eigenvalue(elasticity)
>>> eig.settolerance(1e-6, 1000)
>>> eig.allcompute(1e-6, 1000, 5, 0)
>>>
>>> eig.printeigenfrequencies()
>>>
>>> eigenvalue_real = eig.geteigenvaluerealpart()
>>> eigenvalue_imag = eig.geteigenvalueimaginarypart()
>>>
>>> eigenvector_real = eig.geteigenvectorrealpart()
>>> eigenvector_imag = eig.geteigenvectorimaginarypart()

`printeigenfrequencies`

def printeigenfrequencies(
    self
) ‑> None

This method provides a convenient way to print the eigenfrequencies associated with all eigenvalues calculated for a mechanical resonance problem. In case a generalized eigenvalue problem is used to calculate the resonance modes of an undamped mechanical problem, this method displays the resonance frequency of each calculated resonance mode. In case a second-order polynomial eigenvalue problem is used to calculate the resonance modes of a damped mechanical problem this function displays not only the damped resonance frequency of each resonance mode but also the undamped resonance frequency (only valid in case of proportional damping), the bandwidth, the damping ratio and the quality factor.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol=1; sur=2; top=3
>>>
>>> u = field("h1xyz")
>>> u.setorder(vol, 2)
>>> u.setconstraint(sur)
>>>
>>> elasticity = formulation()
>>>
>>> elasticity += integral(vol, predefinedelasticity(dof(u), tf(u), 150e-, 0.3))
>>> elasticity += integral(vol, -2300*dtdt(dof(u)) * tf(u))     #  2300 is mass density
>>>
>>> # Direct eigen solver (works only for non-DDM simulation)
>>> elasticity.generate()
>>> eig = eigenvalue(elasticity.K(), elasticity.M())
>>> eig.compute(5, 0)
>>>
>>> eig.printeigenfrequencies()

`printeigenvalues`

def printeigenvalues(
    self
) ‑> None

This prints the eigenvalues found.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol=1; sur=2; top=3
>>>
>>> u = field("h1xyz")
>>> u.setorder(vol, 2)
>>> u.setconstraint(sur)
>>>
>>> elasticity = formulation()
>>>
>>> elasticity += integral(vol, predefinedelasticity(dof(u), tf(u), 150e-, 0.3))
>>> elasticity += integral(vol, -2300*dtdt(dof(u)) * tf(u))     #  2300 is mass density
>>>
>>> # Direct eigen solver (works only for non-DDM simulation)
>>> elasticity.generate()
>>> eig = eigenvalue(elasticity.K(), elasticity.M())
>>> eig.compute(5, 0)
>>>
>>> eig.printeigenvalues()

`settolerance`

def settolerance(
    self,
    reltol: float,
    maxnumits: int
) ‑> None

This sets the tolerance and maximum number of iterations for the iterative eigen solver. The settolerance should be called only if eigenvalue.allcompute() is used to solve the eigen problem.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol=1; sur=2; top=3
>>>
>>> u = field("h1xyz")
>>> u.setorder(vol, 2)
>>> u.setconstraint(sur)
>>>
>>> elasticity = formulation()
>>>
>>> elasticity += integral(vol, predefinedelasticity(dof(u), tf(u), 150e-, 0.3))
>>> elasticity += integral(vol, -2300*dtdt(dof(u)) * tf(u))     #  2300 is mass density
>>>
>>> # Iterative eigen solver
>>> eig = eigenvalue(elasticity)
>>> eig.settolerance(1e-6, 1000)
>>> eig.allcompute(1e-6, 1000, 5, 0)

`expression`

class expression(
    **kwargs
)

The expression object holds a mathematical expression made of operators (such as +, -, *, /), fields, parameters, square operators, abs operators and so on.

Examples

An empty expression object can be created as:

>>> myexpression = expression()

An expression object can be a scalar:

>>> myexpression = expression(2)
>>> myexpression.print()
Expression size is 1x1
 @ row 0, col 0 :
2

An expression object can also be a vector or a 2D array. For this three arguments are required. The first and second arguments specify the number of rows and the number of columns respectively. The expression object is filled with input expressions provided as a list in the third argument. The general syntax is expression(numrows:int, numcols:int, input:List[expression]

>>> myexpression = expression(1,3, [1,2,3])
>>> myexpression.print()
Expression size is 1x3
 @ row 0, col 0 : 1
 @ row 0, col 1 : 2
 @ row 0, col 2 : 3

In a 2D array expression, the inputs are set in row-major order. In the example below, the entry at the index pair (1,0) in the created expression is set to and the entry (1,2) to .

>>> myexpression = expression(3,3, [1,2,3, 4,5,6, 7,8,9])   # creates a 3x3 sized expression array
>>> myexpression.at(1,0).evaluate()
4.0
>>> myexpression.at(1,2).evaluate()
6.0

A symmetric expression array can also be created by only providing the input list corresponding to the lower triangular part:

>>> myexpression = expression(3,3, [1,2,3, 4,5,6])
>>> myexpression.print()

A diagonal expression array can also be created by only providing the input list corresponding to the diagonal elements:

>>> myexpression = expression(3,3, [1,2,3])
>>> myexpression.print()

Note that to create a symmetric or diagonal expression array, the size must correspond to a square array (number of rows = number of columns).

The expression input can also be made of fields. For example:

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> v = field("h1")
>>> myexpression = expression(2,3, [12,v,v*(1-v), 3,14-v,0])

An expression array object can be obtained from the row-wise and column-wise concatenation of input expressions using the syntax expression(input:[List[List[expression]]. Every element in the argument input (i.e. input[0], input[1], ..) is concatenated column-wise with others. Every expression in input[i] (i.e input[i][0], input[i][1], ..) is concatenated row-wise with the other expressions in that List.

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> v = field("h1")
>>> blockleft = expression(3,1, [1,2*v,3])
>>> blockrighttop = expression(1,2, [4,5])
>>> blockrightbottom = expression(2,2, [6,7,8,9])
>>> exprconcatenated = expression([[blockleft], [blockrighttop,blockrightbottom]])
>>> exprconcatenated.print()
Expression size is 3x3
 @ row 0, col 0 : 1
 @ row 0, col 1 : 4
 @ row 0, col 2 : 5
 @ row 1, col 0 : field * 2
 @ row 1, col 1 : 6
 @ row 1, col 2 : 7
 @ row 2, col 0 : 3
 @ row 2, col 1 : 8
 @ row 2, col 2 : 9

It is also useful in many cases to create a conditional expression. It takes the form expression(condexpr:expression, exprtrue:expression, exprfalse:expression). If the first argument is greater than equal to zero then the expression is equal to the expression provided in the second argument. If smaller than zero, then it is equal to the expression in the third argument.

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol=1; sur=2; top=3
>>> x = field("x"); y = field("y")
>>> expr = expression(x+y, 2*x, 0)
>>> expr.write(top, "conditionalexpr.vtk", 1)
>>> expr.print()
Expression size is 1x1
 @ row 0, col 0 : (x + y) ? x * 2, 0)

An expression can be used to define an algebraic relation between two variables as in the example below:

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol=1; sur=2; top=3
>>> C = field("h1")         # temperature field in Celsius
>>> F = field("h1")         # temperature field in Fahrenheit
>>> F = (9.0/5.0)*C + 32    # Relation for converting Celsius to Fahrenheit
>>> F.write(top, "F.vtk", 1)

In the above example, an algebraic relation between two variables was already known allowing us to create an expression that is continuous. However, if the data is from an experiment, they are usually not continuous. As an application example, if measurements of a material stiffness (Young's modulus ) have been performed for a set of temperatures , then only a discrete data set exists between variable and . A discrete data set can be converted to a continuous function ( as a function of ) using cubic splines which allows us to interpolate at any value in the measured discrete temperature range. Using this spline object an expression can be defined that provides cubic spline interpolation of Young's modulus in the measured discrete temperature range. Refer to the spline object for more details.

>>> discrete data set from measurement
>>> temperature = [273,300,320,340]
>>> youngsmodulus = [5e9,4e9,5e9,1e9]
>>>
>>> spline object: allows interpolation in the measured data range
>>> spl = spline(temperature, youngsmodulus)
>>>
>>> # expression interpolating E at temperature 310.
>>> # 'spl' holds the interpolation function information.
>>> E = expression(spl, 310)
>>> E.print()
Expression size is 1x1
 @ row 0, col 0 :
spline(310)
>>>
>>> # expression interpolating E for space-dependent temperature profile.
>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> T = field("h1")         # space dependent temperature profile
>>> E = expression(spl, T)  # space dependent Young's modulus
>>> E.write(top, "E.vtk", 1)

The expression object is much more versatile. Say, we have to define an electric supply voltage profile in time that is:

0V for time before 1 sec.
increases linearly from 0V to 1V for time range [1,3] sec.
1V for time after 3 sec. This can be created as shown below in the example. The following creates a conditional expression for the intervals defined in the first argument for the time variable t(). In the below example, the defined interval is [1.0,3.0]. This provides information in three intervals:
interval 1: from to 1.0
interval 2: between 1.0 to 3.0
interval 3: from 3.0 to The second argument holds three expressions, each valid in the sequence of the respective interval defined above. The third argument specifies the variable input (time in this case). Printing the expression object provides insight into the conditional expression created with these inputs.

>>> vsupply = expression([1.0,3.0], [0, 0.5*(t()-1), 1.0], t())
>>> vsupply.print()
Expression size is 1x1
 @ row 0, col 0 : ((t + -3) ? 1, ((t + -1) ? (t + -1) * 0.5, 0))

TODO: CUSTOM EXPRESSION

Methods

`allintegrate`

def allintegrate(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> float

This is a collective MPI operation and hence must be called by all ranks. This integrates an expression across all the DDM ranks.

Examples

...

>>> integralvalue = myexpression.allintegrate(vol, 4)
>>>
>>> # allintegrate on a mesh deformed by field 'u'
>>> integralvalueondeformedmesh = myexpression.allintegrate(vol, u, 4)

`allinterpolate`

def allinterpolate(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> List[float]

This is a collective MPI operation and hence must be called by all ranks. Its functionality is as described in expression.interpolate() but considers the physical region partitioned across the DDM ranks. The xyz coordinate argument must be the same for all ranks.

Examples

>>> ...
>>> interpolated = array3x1(x,y,z).allinterpolate (vol, {0.5,0.6,0.05})
>>>
>>> # allinterpolate on a mesh deformed by field 'u'
>>> interpolated = array3x1(x,y,z).allinterpolate (vol, u, {0.5,0.6,0.05})

`allmax`

def allmax(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> List[float]

This is a collective MPI operation and hence must be called by all ranks. It computes the max value across all the DDM ranks. The evaluation of the max value can be restricted to a box or evaluated on a deformed mesh similar to as described in expression.max().

`allmin`

def allmin(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> List[float]

This is a collective MPI operation and hence must be called by all ranks. It computes the min value across all the DDM ranks. The evaluation of the min value can be restricted to a box or evaluated on a deformed mesh similar to as described in expression.min().

`at`

def at(
    self,
    row: int,
    col: int
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This returns the entry at the requested row and column.

Example

>>> myexpression = expression(2,2, [1,2, 3,4])
>>> myexpression.at(0,1)
2

`atbarycenter`

def atbarycenter(
    self,
    physreg: int,
    onefield: field
) ‑> quanscient.vec

This outputs a vec object whose structure is based on the field argument onefield and which contains the expression evaluated at the barycenter of each reference element of physical region physreg. The barycenter of the reference element might not be identical to the barycenter of the actual element in the mesh (for curved elements, for general quadrangles, hexahedra and prisms). The evaluation at barycenter is constant on each mesh element.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> x = field("x"); f = field("one")
>>>
>>> # Evaluating the expression
>>> (12*x).write(vol, "expression.vtk", 1)
>>>
>>>> # Evaluating the same expression at barycenter
>>> myvec = (12*x).atbarycenter(vol, f)
>>> f.setdata(vol, myvec)
>>> f.write(vol, "barycentervalues.vtk", 1)

`countcolumns`

def countcolumns(
    self
) ‑> int

This counts the number of columns in an expression.

Example

>>> myexpression = expression(2,1, [0,1])
>>> myexpression.countcolumns()
1

`countrows`

def countrows(
    self
) ‑> int

This counts the number of rows in an expression.

Example

>>> myexpression = expression(2,1, [0,1])
>>> myexpression.countrows()
2

`evaluate`

def evaluate(
    self
) ‑> float

This evaluates a scalar, space-independent expression.

Example

>>> settime(0.5)
>>> expr = 2*abs(-5*t())+3
>>> expr.evaluate()
8.0

`getcolumn`

def getcolumn(
    self,
    colnum: int
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This returns for a matrix expression the column corresponding to the specified input index colnum.

Example

>>> myexpression = expression(2,2, [0,1, 2,3])
>>> subexpr = myexpression.getcolumn(0)
>>> subexpr.print()
Expression size is 2x1
 @ row 0, col 0 : 0
 @ row 0, col 1 : 2

`getrow`

def getrow(
    self,
    rownum: int
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This returns for a matrix expression the row corresponding to the specified input index rownum.

Example

>>> myexpression = expression(2,2, [0,1, 2,3])
>>> subexpr = myexpression.getrow(1)
>>> subexpr.print()
Expression size is 1x2
 @ row 0, col 0 : 2
 @ row 0, col 1 : 3

`integrate`

def integrate(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> float

This integrates an expression over the physical region physreg. The integration is exact up to the order of polynomials specified in the argument integrationorder. Integrate expression(1) to calculate volume/area/ length. For axisymmetric problems, the value returned is the integral of the requested expression times the coordinate change Jacobian. In the case of axisymmetry, the volume/area/length of the 3D shape corresponding to the physical region on which to integrate can be obtained by integrating expression(1) and multiplying the output by .

Examples

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> myexpression = expression(12.0)
>>> integralvalue = myexpression.integrate(vol, 4)
>>>
>>> # integrate on a mesh deformed by field 'u'
>>> u = field("h1xyz")
>>> u.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> integralvalueondeformedmesh = myexpression.integrate(vol, u, 4)

`interpolate`

def interpolate(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> None

This interpolates the expression at a single point whose [x,y,z] coordinate is provided as an argument. The flattened interpolated expression values are returned if the point was found in the elements of the physical region physreg. If not found an empty list is returned. An expression can also be interpolated on a deformed mesh by passing its corresponding field.

Examples

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> x=field("x"); y=field("y"); z=field("z")
>>> xyzcoord = [0.5,0.6,0.05]
>>>
>>> interpolated = array3x1(x,y,z).interpolate(vol, xyzcoord)
>>> interpolated
[0.5, 0.6, 0.05]
>>>
>>> # interpolation on the mesh deformed by field 'u'
>>> u = field("h1xyz")
>>> u.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> interpolated = array3x1(x,y,z).interpolate(vol, u, xyzcoord)

`isscalar`

def isscalar(
    self
) ‑> bool

This returns True if the expression is a scalar (i.e. has a single row and column).

Examples

>>> myexpression = expression(12.0)
>>> myexpression.isscalar()
True
>>> myexpression = expression(2,2, [0,1, 2,3])
>>> myexpression.isscalar()
False

`iszero`

def iszero(
    self
) ‑> bool

This returns True if all the entries in the expression is zero, otherwise False.

Examples

>>> myexpression = expression(12.0)
>>> myexpression.iszero()
False
>>> myexpression = expression(0.0)
>>> myexpression.iszero()
True
>>> myexpression = expression(2,2, [0,0, 0,0])
>>> myexpression.iszero()
True
>>> myexpression = expression(2,2, [1,0, 0,0])
>>> myexpression.iszero()
False

`max`

def max(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> List[float]

This gives the max value of the expression over the geometric region physreg. The max value is obtained by splitting all elements refinement times in each direction. Increasing the refinement will thus lead to a more accurate max value, but at an increased computational cost. The max value is exact when the refinement nodes added to the elements correspond to the position of max. For a first-order nodal shape function interpolation, on a mesh that is not curved, the max is always exact to machine precision.

Examples

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> x = field("x")
>>> maxdata = (2*x).max(vol, 1)
>>> maxdata[0]
2.0

The search of the max value can be restricted to a box delimited by the last argument whose form is [xboxmin,xboxmax, yboxmin, yboxmin, zboxmax, zboxmin]. The output returned is a list of the form [maxvalue, xcoordmax, ycoordmax, zcoordmax] or an empty list if the physical region argument is empty or is not in the box provided. If the argument defining the box is not provided, then the whole geometric region is considered for evaluating the max value.

>>> maxdatainbox = (2*x).max(vol, 5, [-2,0, -2,2, -2,2])

The max value can also be evaluated on the geometry deformed by a field (possibly a curved mesh). The max location and the delimiting box are on the undeformed mesh.

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> u = field("h1xyz")
>>> u.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> maxdataondeformedmesh = (2*x).max(vol, u, 1)

`min`

def min(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> List[float]

This gives the min value of the expression over the geometric region physreg. The min value is obtained by splitting all elements refinement times in each direction. Increasing the refinement will thus lead to a more accurate min value, but at an increased computational cost. The min value is exact when the refinement nodes added to the elements correspond to the position of min. For a first-order nodal shape function interpolation, on a mesh that is not curved, the min is always exact to machine precision.

Examples

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> x = field("x")
>>> mindata = (2*x).min(vol, 1)
>>> mindata[0]
-2.0

The search of the min value can be restricted to a box delimited by the last argument whose form is [xboxmin,xboxmax, yboxmin, yboxmin, zboxmax, zboxmin]. The output returned is a list of the form [maxvalue, xcoordmax, ycoordmax, zcoordmax] or an empty list if the physical region argument is empty or is not in the box provided. If the argument defining the box is not provided, then the whole geometric region is considered for evaluating the min value.

>>> mindatainbox = (2*x).min(vol, 5, [-2,0, -2,2, -2,2])

The min value can also be evaluated on the geometry deformed by a field (possibly a curved mesh). The min location and the delimiting box are on the undeformed mesh.

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> u = field("h1xyz")
>>> u.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> mindataondeformedmesh = (2*x).min(vol, u, 1)

`print`

def print(
    self
) ‑> None

This prints the expression to the console.

Example

>>> myexpression = expression(2,2, [0,1, 2,3])
>>> myexpression.print()
Expression size is 2x2
 @ row 0, col 0 : 0
 @ row 0, col 1 : 1
 @ row 1, col 0 : 2
 @ row 1, col 1 : 3

`reordercolumns`

def reordercolumns(
    self,
    neworder: List[int]
) ‑> None

This reorders the columns of a matrix expression in the specified order neworder.

Example

>>> expr = expression(2,2, [0,1, 2,3])
0 1
2 3
>>> expr.reordercolumns([1,0])
1 0
3 2

`reorderrows`

def reorderrows(
    self,
    neworder: List[int]
) ‑> None

This reorders the rows of a matrix expression in the specified order neworder.

Example

>>> expr = expression(2,2, [0,1, 2,3])
0 1
2 3
>>> expr.reorderrows([1,0])
2 3
0 1

`resize`

def resize(
    self,
    numrows: int,
    numcols: int
) ‑> quanscient.expression

This resizes an expression. Any newly created expression entry is set to zero.

Example

>>> myexpression = expression(2,2, [1,2, 3,4])
>>> resizedexpr = myexpression.resize(1,3)
>>> resizedexpr.print()
Expression size is 1x3
 @ row 0, col 0 : 1
 @ row 0, col 1 : 2
 @ row 0, col 2 : 0

`reuseit`

def reuseit(
    self,
    istobereused: bool = True
) ‑> None

In case an expression appears multiple times, say in a formulation, and requires much time to compute, then the expression can be reused by calling this method and setting istobereused=True. With this, the expression is computed only once to assemble a formulation block and reused as long as its value remains changed.

Example

>>> myexpression = expression(12.0)
>>> myexpression.resuseit()     # myexpression.resuseit(True)

`rotate`

def rotate(
    self,
    ax: float,
    ay: float,
    az: float,
    leftop: str = 'default',
    rightop: str = 'default'
) ‑> None

`streamline`

def streamline(
    self,
    physreg: int,
    filename: str,
    startcoords: List[float],
    stepsize: float,
    downstreamonly: bool = False
) ‑> None

This follows and writes to disk all paths tangent to the expression vector that are starting at a set of points whose , and coordinates are provided in startcoords. These coordinates can for example be obtained via .getcoords() on a shape object. A fourth-order Runge-Kutta algorithm is used. The stepsize argument is related to the distance between two vector direction updates; decrease it to more accurately follow the paths. The paths will be followed as long as they remain in the physical region physreg. In case the vector norm is zero somewhere on the paths or a path is a closed loop then the function might enter an infinite loop and never return. To use this function on closed loops (for example to get magnetic field lines of a permanent magnet) a solution is to break the loops by excluding the permanent magnet domain from the physical region (selectexclusion) function can be called for that) and set the starting coordinates on the boundary of the magnet.

Example

>>> vol = 1
>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> x=field("x"); y=field("y"); z=field("z")
>>> startcoords = 12*3*[0.05]   # list of 36 elements with each element value being 0.05
>>> for i in range(0,12):
...     startcoords[3*i+0] += 0.1 + 0.05*i
>>> array3x1(y+2*x, -y+2*x, 0).streamline(vol, "streamlines.vtk", startcoords, 1.0/100.0)

`write`

def write(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> None

This evaluates an expression in the physical region physreg and writes it to the file filename. The lagrangeorder is the order of interpolation for evaluation of the expression.

Examples

>>> # setup
>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> u = field("h1xyz")
>>> v = field("h1", [1,2,3])
>>> u.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>>
>>> # interpolation order for writing an expression
>>> (1e8*u).write(vol, "uorder1.vtk", 1)    # interpolation order is 1
>>> (1e8*u).write(vol, "uorder3.vtk", 3)    # interpolation order is 3

In the example below, an additional integer input is passed in the second argument. The here means that the expression is treated as multi-harmonic, nonlinear in time variable and an FFT is performed to get the first harmonics. All harmonics whose magnitude is above a threshold are saved with '_harm i' extension (except for time-constant harmonic).

>>> abs(v).write(vol, 10, "order1.vtk", 1)  # interpolation order is 1
>>> (u*u).write(vol, 10, "order3.vtk", 3)   # interpolation order is 3

In the example below, an additional integer input is instead passed as the last argument posterior to the interpolation order argument. This represents that numtimesteps (default=-1). For a positive value of , the multi-harmonic expression is saved at equidistant timesteps in the fundamental period and can then be visualized in time.

>>> (1e8*u).write(vol, "uintime.vtk", 2, 50)

The expressions can also be evaluated and written on a mesh deformed by a field. If field 'v' is the deformed mesh, then:

>>> (1e8*u).write(vol, v, "uorder1.vtk", 1)
>>> (u*u).write(vol, 10, v, "order3.vtk", 3)
>>> (1e8*u).write(vol, v, "uintime.vtk", 2, 50)

`field`

class field(
    **kwargs
)

The field object holds the information of the finite element fields. The field object itself only holds a pointer to a 'rawfield' object.

Examples

Example 1: field(fieldtypename:str)

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.h")
>>> v = field("h1")

This creates a field object with the specified shape functions. The full list of shape functions available are:

Nodal shape functions "h1" e.g. for electrostatic potential and acoustic or fluid pressure.
Two-components nodal shape functions "h1xy" e.g. for 2D mechanical displacements and 2D fluid velocity.
Three-components nodal shape functions "h1xyz" e.g. for 3D mechanical displacements and 3D fluid velocity.
Nedelec's edge shape functions "hcurl" e.g. for the electric field in the E-formulation of electromagnetic wave propagation (here order 0 is allowed).
"one", one0", one1", one2", one3" (trailing "xy" or "xyz" allowed) shape functions have a single shape function equal to a constant one on respectively an n, 0, 1, 2, 3-dimensional element (n is the geometry dimension).
"h1d", "h1d0", "h1d1", "h1d2", "h1d3" (trailing "xy" or "xyz" allowed) shape functions are elementwise-"h1" shape functions that allow storing fields that are fully discontinuous between elements.

Additionally, types "x", "y" and "z" can be used to define the x, y and z coordinate fields.

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.h")
>>> x = field("x")
>>> y = field("y")
>>> z = field("z")

Example 2: field(fieldtypename:str, harmonicnumbers:List[int])

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> v = field("h1", [1,4,5,6])

Consider the infinite Fourier series of a field that is periodic in time:

where is the time variable, is the space variable and is the fundamental frequency of the periodic field. The coefficients only depend on the space variable, not on the time variables which have now moved to the sines and cosines. In the example above, field is a multi-harmonic "h1" type field that includes harmonic fields: the , , and fields in the truncated Fourier series above. All other harmonics in the infinite Fourier series are supposed to equal zero so that the field can be rewritten as:

This is the truncated multi-harmonic representation of field (which must be periodic in time). The following can be used to get the harmonic from field . It can then be used like any other field.

>>> v4 = v.harmonic(4)

Example 3: field(fieldtypename:str, spantree:spanningtree)

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol=1; sur=2; top=3
>>> spantree = spanningtree([sur, top])
>>> a = field("hcurl", spantree)

This adds the spanning tree input argument needed when the field has to be gauged. (e.g. for the magnetic vector potential formulation of the magnetostatic problem in 3D).

Example 3: field(fieldtypename:str, harmonicnumbers:List[int], spantree:spanningtree)

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol=1; sur=2; top=3
>>> spantree = spanningtree([sur, top])
>>> aharmonic = field("hcurl", [2,3], spantree)

This adds the spanning tree input argument needed when a field has to be gauged.

Methods

`allintegrate`

def allintegrate(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> float

`allinterpolate`

def allinterpolate(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> List[float]

`allmax`

def allmax(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> List[float]

`allmin`

def allmin(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> List[float]

`atbarycenter`

def atbarycenter(
    self,
    physreg: int,
    onefield: field
) ‑> quanscient.vec

This outputs a vec object whose structure is based on the field argument onefield and which contains the field evaluated at the barycenter of each reference element of physical region physreg. The barycenter of the reference element might not be identical to the barycenter of the actual element in the mesh (for curved elements, for general quadrangles, hexahedra and prisms). The evaluation at barycenter is constant on each mesh element.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> v = field("h1"); f = field("one")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>>
>>> # Evaluating the field
>>> v.write(vol, "expression.vtk", 1)
>>>
>>>> # Evaluating the same field at barycenter
>>> myvec = v.atbarycenter(vol, f)
>>> f.setdata(vol, myvec)
>>> f.write(vol, "barycentervalues.vtk", 1)

`automaticupdate`

def automaticupdate(
    self,
    updateit: bool
) ‑> None

`comp`

def comp(
    self,
    component: int
) ‑> quanscient.field

This gets the , or component of a field with subfields.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> u = field("h1xyz")
>>> ux = u.comp(0)
>>> uy = u.comp(1)
>>> uz = u.comp(2)

`compx`

def compx(
    self
) ‑> quanscient.field

This gets the component of a field with multiple subfields.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> u = field("h1xyz")
>>> ux = u.compx()

`compy`

def compy(
    self
) ‑> quanscient.field

This gets the component of a field with multiple subfields.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> u = field("h1xyz")
>>> uy = u.compy()

`compz`

def compz(
    self
) ‑> quanscient.field

This gets the component of a field with multiple subfields.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> u = field("h1xyz")
>>> uz = u.compz()

`cos`

def cos(
    self,
    freqindex: int
) ‑> quanscient.field

This gets the "h1xyz" type field that is the harmonic at freqindex times the fundamental frequency in field .

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> u = field("h1xyz", [1,2,3,4,5])
>>> uc = u.cos(0)   # gets the harmonic 1

`countcomponents`

def countcomponents(
    self
) ‑> int

This returns the number of components in the field.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> E = field("hcurl")
>>> numcomp = E.countcomponents()
>>> numcomp
3

`getharmonics`

def getharmonics(
    self
) ‑> List[int]

This returns the list of harmonics of the field object.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> v = field("h1", [1,4,5,6])
>>> myharms = v.getharmonics()
>>> myharms
[1, 4, 5, 6]

`getnodalvalues`

def getnodalvalues(
    self,
    nodenumbers: indexmat
) ‑> quanscient.densemat

This gets the values of a "h1" type field at a set of nodenumbers.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> nodenums = indexmat(5,1, [0,1,2,3,4])
>>> outvals = v.getnodalvalues(nodenums)    # returns a densemat
>>> outvals.print()

`harmonic`

def harmonic(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> quanscient.field

This gets a "h1xyz" type field that includes the harmonicnumber(s).

Examples

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> u = field("h1xyz", [1,2,3])
>>> u2 = u.harmonic(2)      # gets harmonic 2 of field u
>>> u23 = u.harmonic([1,3]) # gets harmonics 1 and 3 of field u

This gets a "h1xyz" type field that includes the harmonicnumber(s).

Examples

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> u = field("h1xyz", [1,2,3])
>>> u2 = u.harmonic(2)      # gets harmonic 2 of field u
>>> u23 = u.harmonic([1,3]) # gets harmonics 1 and 3 of field u

`integrate`

def integrate(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> float

`interpolate`

def interpolate(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> None

`loadraw`

def loadraw(
    self,
    filename: str,
    isbinary: bool = False
) ‑> List[float]

This loads the .slz file created with the writeraw method. If the .slz file was written in the binary format then isbinary argument must be set to True else to False. The same mesh must be used when loading with loadraw as the one that was used during the corresponding writeraw call.

Example

>>> vol = 1
>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> u = field("h1xyz")
>>> u.loadraw("v.slz.gz", True)

`max`

def max(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> List[float]

`min`

def min(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> List[float]

`noautomaticupdate`

def noautomaticupdate(
    self
) ‑> None

After this call, the field and all its subfields will not have their value automatically updated after hp-adaptivity. If the automatic update is not needed then this call is recommended to avoid a possible costly field value update.

Example

>>> ...
>>> v.noautomaticupdate()

`print`

def print(
    self
) ‑> None

This prints the field name.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> v = field("h1")
>>> v.setname("velocity")
>>> v.print()
velocity

`printharmonics`

def printharmonics(
    self
) ‑> None

This prints a string showing the harmonics in the field.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> v = field("h1", [1,4,5,6])
>>> v.printharmonics()
+vc0*cos(0*pif0t) +vs2*sin(4*pif0t) +vc2*cos(4*pif0t) +vs3*sin(6*pif0t)

`setcohomologysources`

def setcohomologysources(
    self,
    cutvalues: List[float]
) ‑> None

This method assigns cohomology coefficients to the field. The field value is reset to zero on the cohomology regions before the coefficients are added on their respective regions.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh()
>>> mymesh.setcohomologycuts([chreg1, chreg2])
>>> mymesh.load("disk.msh")
>>> v = field("hcurl")
>>> ...
>>> v.setcohomologysources([100, 50])
>>> v.write(chreg1, "v.pos", 1)

`setconditionalconstraint`

def setconditionalconstraint(
    self,
    physreg: int,
    condexpr: expression,
    valexpr: expression
) ‑> None

This forces the field value (i.e. Dirichlet constraint) on the region physreg to a value valexpr for all node-associated degrees of freedom for which the condition condexpr evaluates to greater than or equal to zero at the nodes. This should only be used for fields with "h1" type functions.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol=1; top=3
>>> v=field("h1"); x=field("x"); y=field("y")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> v.setconditionalconstraint(vol, x+y, 12)
>>>
>>> form = formulation()
>>> form += integral(vol, dof(v)*tf(v) - 1*tf(v))
>>> form.generate()
>>> sol = solve(form.A(), form.b()) # returns a vec object
>>> v.setdata(vol, sol)
>>> v.write(top, "v.vtk", 1)

`setconstraint`

def setconstraint(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> None

This forces the field value (i.e. Dirichlet condition) on the region physreg to input expression. An extra int argument extraintegrationdegree can be used to increase or decrease the default integration order when computing the projection of the expression on the field. Increasing it can give a more accurate computation of the expression but might take longer. The default integration order is equal to "field order ". Dirichlet constraints have priority over conditional constraints and gauge conditions. Defining any of these on a Dirichlet constrained region has no effect.

Examples

Example 1: field.setconstraint(physreg:int, input:expression, extraintegrationdegree:int=0)

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> v = field("h1")
>>> w = field("h1")
>>> v.setconstraint(vol, 12+w*w)

This forces the field value (i.e Dirichlet constraint) on region vol to expression .

Example 2: field.setconstraint(physreg:int, meshdeform:expression, input:expression, extraintegrationdegree:int=0)

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> v = field("h1")
>>> u = field("h1xyz")
>>> v.setconstraint(vol, u, expression(12))

This forces the field value on region vol to expression but on a mesh deformed by meshdeform.

Example 3: field.setconstraint(physreg:int, input:List[expression], input:expression, extraintegrationdegree:int=0)

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> v = field("h1", [2,3])
>>> v.setconstraint(vol, [1,0]) # sets 1 for harmonic 2, 0 for harmonic 3

This sets a Dirichlet constraint with the given value for each field harmonic.

Example 4: field.setconstraint(physreg:int, meshdeform:expression, input:List[expression], extraintegrationdegree:int=0)

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> v = field("h1", [2,3])
>>> u = field("h1xyz")
>>> v.setconstraint(vol, u, [1,0]) # sets 1 for harmonic 2, 0 for harmonic 3

This sets a Dirichlet constraint for each field harmonic with the given expression computed on a mesh deformed by meshdeform.

Example 5: field.setconstraint(physreg:int, numfftharms:int, input:expression, extraintegrationdegree:int=0)

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> v1 = field("h1", [2,3])
>>> v2 = field("h1", [1,4,5])
>>> v2.setconstraint(vol, 5, v1*v1)
>>> v2.write(vol, "v2.vtk", 1)

This calls an FFT for the calculation required for nonlinear multi-harmonic expressions. The FFT is computed at numfftharms timesteps.

Example 6: field.setconstraint(physreg:int, numfftharms:int, meshdeform:expression, input:expression, extraintegrationdegree:int=0)

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> v1 = field("h1", [2,3])
>>> v2 = field("h1", [1,4,5])
>>> u = field("h1xyz")
>>> v2.setconstraint(vol, 5, u, v1*v1)

This calls an FFT for the calculation and the expression is evaluated on a mesh deformed by meshdeform.

Example 7: field.setconstraint(physreg:int)

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> v = field("h1")
>>> v.setconstraint(vol)

This forces the field value (i.e. Dirichlet condition) on region vol to .

`setdata`

def setdata(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> None

This either sets or adds the data in the vector to the field. If the argument op is "set", then the vector data is set and if it is "add" then the vector data is added to the existing field values.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> v = field("h1"); w = field("h1")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>>
>>> projection = formulation()
>>> projection += integral(vol, dof(v)*tf(v) - 2*tf(v))
>>> projection.generate()
>>> sol = solve(projection.A(), projection.b())
>>> v.setdata(vol, sol)

`setgauge`

def setgauge(
    self,
    physreg: int
) ‑> None

This sets a gauge condition on regionphysreg. It must be used e.g. for the magnetic vector potential formulation of the magnetostatic problem in 3D since otherwise, the algebraic system to solve is singular. It is only defined for edge shape functions ("hcurl"). Its effect is to constrain to zero all degrees of freedom corresponding to:

gradient type shape functions.
lowest order edge-shape functions for all edges on the spanning tree provided.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol=1; sur=2; top=3
>>> spantree = spanningtree([sur, top])
>>> a = field("hcurl", spantree)
>>> a.setgauge(vol)

`setname`

def setname(
    self,
    name: str
) ‑> None

This gives a name to the field. Useful when printing expressions including fields.

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> v = field("h1")
>>> v.setname("velocity")
>>> v.print()
velocity

`setnodalvalues`

def setnodalvalues(
    self,
    nodenumbers: indexmat,
    values: densemat
) ‑> None

This sets the values of a "h1" type field at a set of nodenumbers to values.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> v = field("h1")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> nodenums = indexmat(5,1, [0,1,2,3,4])
>>> nodevals = densemat(5,1, [10,11,12,13,14])
>>> v.setnodalvalues(nodenums, nodevals)

`setorder`

def setorder(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> None

This sets the specified interpolation order of the field object.

Examples

Example 1: field.setorder(physreg:int, interpolorder:int)

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> v = field("h1")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 3)

This sets the interpolation order to on the physical region 'vol'. When using different interpolation orders on different physical regions for a given field it is only allowed to set the interpolation orders in a decreasing way. i.e starting with the physical region with the highest order and ending with the physical region with the lowest order. This is required to enforce field continuity and is due to the fact the interpolation order on the interface between multiple physical regions must be the one of lowest touching region.

Example 2: field.setorder(criterion:expression, loworder:int, highorder:int)

>>> all=1; inn=2; out=3
>>> n = 20
>>> q0 = shape("quadrangle", all, [0,0,0, 1,0,0, 1,0.3,0, 0,0.3,0], [n,n,n,n])
>>> q1 = shape("quadrangle", all, [1,0,0, 2,0,0, 2,0.3,0, 1,0.3,0], [n,n,n,n])
>>> linein = q0.getsons()[3]
>>> linein.setphysicalregion(inn)
>>> lineout = q1.getsons()[0]
>>> lineout.setphysicalregion(out)
>>> mymesh = mesh([q0, q1, linein, lineout])
>>>
>>> v = field("h1")
>>> v.setname("v")
>>> v.setorder(all, 1)
>>> v.setorder(norm(grad(v)), 1, 5)
>>> v.setconstraint(inn, 1)
>>> v.setconstraint(out)
>>>
>>> electrostatics = formulation()
>>> electrostatics += integral(all, 8.854e-12 * grad(dof(v))*grad(tf(v)))
>>>
>>> for i in range(5):
...     electrostatics.solve()
...     v.write(all, f"v{100+i}.pos", 5)
...     (-grad(v)).write(all, f"E{100+i}.pos", 5)
...     fieldorder(v).write(all, f"vorder{100+i}.pos", 1)
...
...     adapt(2)

In the above example, the field interpolation order will be adapted on each mesh element (of the entire geometry) based on the value of a positive criterion (p-adaptivity). The max range of the criterion is split into a number of intervals equal to the number of orders in range 'loworder' to 'highorder'. All intervals have the same size. The barycenter value of the criterion on each mesh element is considered to select the interval, and therefore the corresponding interpolation order to assign to the field on each element. As an example, for a criterion with the highest value of 900 over the entire domain and a low/high order requested of 1/3 the field on elements with criterion values in range 0 to 300, 300 to 600, 600 to 900 will be assigned order 1, 2, 3 respectively.

Example 3: field.setorder(targeterror:double, loworder:int, highorder:int, absthres:double)

>>> sur = 1
>>> q = shape("quadrangle", sur, [0,0,0, 1,0,0, 1,1,0, 0,1,0], [20,20,20,20])
>>> mymesh = mesh([q])
>>> v=field("h1xy"); x=field("x"); y=field("y")
>>> v.setorder(sur, 1)
>>> v.setorder(1e-5, 1, 5, 0.001)
>>> for i in range(5):
...     v.setvalue(sur, array2x1(0,cos(10*x*y)))
...     adapt()
...     v.write(sur, f"v{i}.vtu", 5)
...     fieldorder(v).write(sur, f"fov{i}.vtu", 1)

The field interpolation order will be adapted on each mesh element (of the entire geometry) based on a criterion measuring the Legendre expansion decay. The target error gives the fraction of the total shape function weight that does not need to be captured. The low order is used on all elements where the total weight is lower than the absolute threshold provided.

`setport`

def setport(
    self,
    physreg: int,
    primal: port,
    dual: port
) ‑> None

This function associates a primal-dual pair of ports to the field on the requested physical region. As a side effect, it lowers the field order on that region to the minimum possible. Ports have priority over Dirichlet constraints, conditional constraints and gauge conditions}. Defining any of these on a port region has no effect.

Ports that have been associated to a field with a setport call and unassociated ports are visible to a formulation only if they appear in a port relation (in the example below: electrokinetic += I - 1.0 ). The primal and dual of associated ports are always made visible together even if only of them appears in a port relation. Unassociated ports are not connected to the weak form terms: the primal can be used as the lumped field value on the associated region while the dual can be used as the total contribution over that region of the Neumann term in the formulation. The field value is considered constant by the formulation over the region of each associated port visible to it.

To illustrate the meaning of the dual port let us consider the below DC current flow simulation example code. The strong form to solve is

where is the electric conductivity and is the electric potential field. The corresponding weak form is

which after integration by parts can be rewritten as

where is the boundary of , is the unit normal pointing outward from and . The Neumann term is the second term of the weak formulation. The dual port in the below example, therefore equals the total current flowing through the electrode and thus can be used to impose a total current source condition on the electrode. More details about the associated mathematics can be found in the paper 'Coupling of local and global quantities in various finite element formulations and their application to electrostatics, magnetostatics and magnetodyanmics', Dular et al.

Example

>>> sur=1; left=2; right=3
>>> q = shape("quadrangle", sur, [0,0,0, 1,0,0, 1,1,0, 0,1,0], [10,10,10,10])
>>> ll = q.getsons()[3]
>>> ll.setphysicalregion(left)
>>> rl = q.getsons()[1]
>>> rl.setphysicalregion(right)
>>> mymesh = mesh([q, ll, rl])
>>>
>>> v = field("h1")
>>> y = field("y")
>>> v.setorder(sur, 2)
>>>
>>> # Electric conductivity increasing with the y-coordinate
>>> sigma = expression(0.01*(1+2*y))
>>>
>>> # Ground the right electrode
>>> v.setconstraint(right)
>>>
>>> V = port()  # primal port
>>> I = port()  # dual port
>>> v.setport(left, V, I)
>>> # The dual port holds the global Neumann term on the port region.
>>> # For an electrokinetic formulation this equals the total current.
>>>
>>> electrokinetic = formulation()
>>> # Set a 1A current flowing in through the left electrode with the port relation I - 1.0 = 0:
>>> elctrokinetic += I - 1.0    # port relation
>>> # Define the weak formulation for the DC current flow:
>>> electrokinetic += integral(sur, -sigma * grad(dof(v) * grad(tf(v))))
>>>
>>> electrokinetic.solve()
>>> v.write(sur, "v.pos", 2)
>>> (-grad(v)*sigma).write(sur, "j.pos", 2)
>>>
>>> resistance = V.getvalue()/I.getvalue()
>>> print(f"Resistance is {resistance} Ohm")

`setupdateaccuracy`

def setupdateaccuracy(
    self,
    extraintegrationorder: int
) ‑> None

This method allows tuning the integration order in the projection used to update the field value after hp-adaptivity. A positive/negative argument increases/decreases the accuracy but slows down/speeds up the update.

Example

>>> ...
>>> v.setupdateaccuracy(2)

`setvalue`

def setvalue(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> None

This sets the field value on the region physreg to input expression. An extra int argument extraintegrationdegree can be used to increase or decrease the default integration order when computing the projection of the expression on the field. Increasing it can give a more accurate computation of the expression but might take longer. The default integration order is equal to "field order ".

Examples

Example 1: field.setvalue(physreg:int, input:expression, extraintegrationdegree:int=0)

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> v = field("h1")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> v.setvalue(vol, 12)

This sets the field value on region vol to .

Example 2: field.setvalue(physreg:int, meshdeform:expression, input:expression, extraintegrationdegree:int=0)

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> v = field("h1")
>>> u = feild("h1xyz")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> u.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> v.setvalue(vol, u, expression(12))

This sets the field value on region vol to expression but on a mesh deformed by meshdeform.

Example 3: field.setvalue(physreg:int, numfftharms:int, input:expression, extraintegrationdegree:int=0)

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> v1 = field("h1", [2,3])
>>> v2 = field("h1", [1,4,5])
>>> v1.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> v2.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> v2.setvalue(vol, 5, v1*v1)
>>> v2.write(vol, "v2.vtk", 1)

This calls an FFT for the calculation required for nonlinear multi-harmonic expressions. The FFT is computed at numfftharms timesteps.

Example 4: field.setvalue(physreg:int, numfftharms:int, meshdeform:expression, input:expression, extraintegrationdegree:int=0)

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> v1 = field("h1", [2,3])
>>> v2 = field("h1", [1,4,5])
>>> u = field("h1xyz")
>>> v1.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> v2.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> u.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> v2.setvalue(vol, 5, u, v1*v1)

This calls an FFT for the calculation and the expression is evaluated on a mesh deformed by meshdeform.

Example 5: field.setvalue(physreg:int)

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> v = field("h1")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> v.setvalue(vol)

This sets the field value on region vol to .

`sin`

def sin(
    self,
    freqindex: int
) ‑> quanscient.field

This gets the "h1xyz" type field that is the harmonic at freqindex times the fundamental frequency in field .

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> u = field("h1xyz", [1,2,3,4,5])
>>> us = u.sin(2)   # gets the harmonic 4

`write`

def write(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> None

`writeraw`

def writeraw(
    self,
    physreg: int,
    filename: str,
    isbinary: bool = False,
    extradata: List[float] = []
) ‑> None

This writes a (possibly multi-harmonic) field on a given region to disk in the compact .slz sparselizard format. If isbinary=False the output format is in ASCII and with isbinary=True the output is in binary format. In the latter case, the .slz.gz extension can also be used to write to gz compressed -slz format (the most compact version). While the binary file is more compact on disk it might be less portable across different platforms than the ASCII version. The last input argument allows storing extra data (timestep, parameter values, ..) that can be loaded back from the loadraw output.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> v=field("h1xyz"); x=field("x"); y=field("y"); z=field("z")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 2)
>>> v.setvalue(vol, array3x1(x*x, y*y, z*z))
>>> v.writeraw(vol, "v.slz.gz", True)

`formulation`

class formulation

The formulation object holds the port relations and the weak form terms of the problem to solve.

Example

The following creates an empty formulation object:

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> myformulation = formulation()

Methods

`A`

def A(
    self,
    keepfragments: bool = False
) ‑> quanscient.mat

This gives the matrix (of ) that was assembled during the formulation.generate() call. By default the keepfragments argument is False which means that the generated matrix is no longer kept in the formulation after returning it to a mat object. However, if you select True for keepfragments it means the generated matrix is kept in the formulation and will be added to the matrix assembled in any subsequent formulation.generate() call.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> v = field("h1")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> projection = formulation()
>>>
>>> projection += integral(vol, dof(v)*tf(v), 0, 2)
>>> projection += integral(vol, dt(dof(v))*tf(v) - 2*tf(v))
>>> projection += integral(vol, dtdt(dof(v))*tf(v))
>>>
>>> projection.generate()
>>> A = projection.A();     # equivalent to A = projection.A(keepfragments=False)

`C`

def C(
    self,
    keepfragments: bool = False
) ‑> quanscient.mat

This gives the damping matrix that was assembled during the formulation.generate() call. The damping matrix is a matrix that is assembled with only those terms in the formulation which have a dof and that dof has a first-order time derivative applied to it (i.e ). For multi-harmonic simulations damping matrix is empty.

By default, the keepfragments argument is False which means that the generated matrix is no longer kept in the formulation after returning it to a mat object. However, if you select True for keepfragments it means the generated matrix is kept in the formulation and will be added to the matrix assembled in any subsequent formulation.generate() call.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> v = field("h1")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> projection = formulation()
>>>
>>> projection += integral(vol, dof(v)*tf(v), 0, 2)
>>> projection += integral(vol, dt(dof(v))*tf(v) - 2*tf(v))
>>> projection += integral(vol, dtdt(dof(v))*tf(v))
>>>
>>> projection.generate()
>>> C = projection.C();     # equivalent to C = projection.C(keepfragments=False)

`K`

def K(
    self,
    keepfragments: bool = False
) ‑> quanscient.mat

This gives the stiffness matrix that was assembled during the formulation.generate() call. The stiffness matrix is a matrix that is assembled with only those terms in the formulation which have a dof and that dof has no time derivative applied to it. For multi-harmonic formulations, the stiffness matrix holds the assembly of all the terms.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> v = field("h1")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> projection = formulation()
>>>
>>> projection += integral(vol, dof(v)*tf(v), 0, 2)
>>> projection += integral(vol, dt(dof(v))*tf(v) - 2*tf(v))
>>> projection += integral(vol, dtdt(dof(v))*tf(v))
>>>
>>> projection.generate()
>>> K = projection.K();     # equivalent to K = projection.K(keepfragments=False)

`M`

def M(
    self,
    keepfragments: bool = False
) ‑> quanscient.mat

This gives the mass matrix that was assembled during the formulation.generate() call. The mass matrix is a matrix that is assembled with only those terms in the formulation which have a dof and that dof has a second-order time derivative applied to it (i.e ). For multi-harmonic simulations mass matrix is empty.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> v = field("h1")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> projection = formulation()
>>>
>>> projection += integral(vol, dof(v)*tf(v), 0, 2)
>>> projection += integral(vol, dt(dof(v))*tf(v) - 2*tf(v))
>>> projection += integral(vol, dtdt(dof(v))*tf(v))
>>>
>>> projection.generate()
>>> M = projection.M();     # equivalent to M = projection.M(keepfragments=False)

`allcountdofs`

def allcountdofs(
    self
) ‑> int

This is a collective MPI operation and hence must be called by all the ranks. It returns on every rank the global number of degrees of freedom defined in the scattered formulation. The count is exact if for each field the number of unknowns associated to each element matches across touching ranks. It is an estimation otherwise.

`allsolve`

def allsolve(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> List[float]

This is a collective MPI operation and hence must be called by all the ranks. This solves the formulation on all the ranks using DDM. The initial solution is taken from the fields' state. The relative residual history is returned. This method can be used for both linear and nonlinear problems.

Examples

Example 1: formulation.allsolve(relrestol:double, maxnumit:int, soltype:str="lu", verbosity:int=1)

This is used for linear problems. The relrestol and maxnumit arguments correspond to the stopping criteria for DDM solver. The DDM iterations stop if either relative residual tolerance is less than relrestol or if the number of DDM iteration reaches maxnumit.

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> v = field("h1")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> projection = formulation()
>>>
>>> projection += integral(vol, dof(v)*tf(v) - 2*tf(v))
>>> projection.allsolve(1e-8, 500)
>>> v.write(vol, f"v_{getrank()}.vtu", 1)

Example 2: formulation.allsolve(relrestol:double, maxnumit:int, nltol:double, maxnumnlit:int, relaxvalue:double=1, soltype:str="lu", verbosity:int=1)

This is used for nonlinear problems. The relrestol and maxnumit arguments correspond to the stopping criteria for DDM solver. The DDM iteration stops if either relative residual tolerance is less than relrestol or if the number of DDM iterations reaches maxnumit. A nonlinear fixed-point iteration is performed for at most maxnumnlit or until the relative error (norm of relative solution vector change) is smaller than the tolerance prescribed in nltol. A relaxation value can be provided with relaxvalue argument. Usually, a relaxation value less than (under-relaxation) is used to avoid divergence of a solution.

>>> ...
>>> projections.allsolve(1e-8, 500, 1e-6, 200, 0.75)

`b`

def b(
    self,
    keepvector: bool = False,
    dirichletandportupdate: bool = True
) ‑> quanscient.vec

This returns the rhs vector that was assembled during the formulation.generate() call. By default the keepvector argument is False which means that the generated rhs vector is no longer kept in the formulation after returning it to a vec object. However, if you select True for keepvector it means the generated rhs vector is kept in the formulation and will be added to the rhs vector assembled in any subsequent formulation.generate() call.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> v = field("h1")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> projection = formulation()
>>>
>>> projection += integral(vol, dof(v)*tf(v), 0, 2)
>>> projection += integral(vol, dt(dof(v))*tf(v) - 2*tf(v))
>>> projection += integral(vol, dtdt(dof(v))*tf(v))
>>>
>>> projection.generate()
>>> b = projection.b();     # equivalent to b = projection.b(keepvector=False)

`countdofs`

def countdofs(
    self
) ‑> int

This returns the number of degrees of freedom defined in the formulation.

Example

>>> vol=1; sur=2
>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>>
>>> v = field("h1")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> projection = formulation()
>>> projection += integral(vol, dof(v)*tf(v) - 2*tf(v))
>>> numdofs = projection.countdofs()
82

`generate`

def generate(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> None

This assembles all the terms in the formulation.

Examples

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> v = field("h1")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> projection = formulation()
>>>
>>> projection += integral(vol, dof(v)*tf(v), 0, 2)         # here 0 is the extra integration order, 2 is the block number assigned.
>>> projection += integral(vol, dt(dof(v))*tf(v) - 2*tf(v)) # default block number is 0
>>> projection += integral(vol, dtdt(dof(v))*tf(v))         # default block number is 0
>>>
>>> projection.generate()

A block number can be passed as an argument to generate only the necessary terms in the formulation. For example, the following generates only the block number 2. (i.e the first integral term)

>>> projection.generate(2)

A list of block numbers can also be passed as an argument. For example, the following generates all terms with block numbers 0 and 2. For this formulation, it means all terms are generated since these are the only block numbers existing. and 0 (default) block numbers.

>>> projection.generate([0,2])

`generatedampingmatrix`

def generatedampingmatrix(
    self
) ‑> None

This assembles only those terms in the formulation which have a dof and that dof has a first-order time derivative applied to it (i.e ). For multi-harmonic simulations, it generates nothing.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> v = field("h1")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> projection = formulation()
>>>
>>> projection += integral(vol, dof(v)*tf(v), 0, 2)
>>> projection += integral(vol, dt(dof(v))*tf(v) - 2*tf(v))
>>> projection += integral(vol, dtdt(dof(v))*tf(v))
>>>
>>> projection.generatedampingmatrix()    # Here it only generates 'dt(dof(v))*tf(v)'

`generatemassmatrix`

def generatemassmatrix(
    self
) ‑> None

This assembles only those terms in the formulation which have a dof and that dof has a second-order time derivative applied to it (i.e ). For multi-harmonic formulations, it generates nothing.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> v = field("h1")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> projection = formulation()
>>>
>>> projection += integral(vol, dof(v)*tf(v), 0, 2)
>>> projection += integral(vol, dt(dof(v))*tf(v) - 2*tf(v))
>>> projection += integral(vol, dtdt(dof(v))*tf(v))
>>>
>>> projection.generatemassmatrix()    # Here it only generates 'dtdt(dof(v))*tf(v)'

`generaterhs`

def generaterhs(
    self
) ‑> None

This assembles only the terms in the formulation which have no dof.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> v = field("h1")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> projection = formulation()
>>>
>>> projection += integral(vol, dof(v)*tf(v), 0, 2)
>>> projection += integral(vol, dt(dof(v))*tf(v) - 2*tf(v))
>>> projection += integral(vol, dtdt(dof(v))*tf(v))
>>>
>>> projection.generaterhs()    # Here it only generates '-2*tf(v)'

`generatestiffnessmatrix`

def generatestiffnessmatrix(
    self
) ‑> None

This assembles only those terms in the formulation which have a dof and that **dof has no time derivative applied to it. For multi-harmonic formulations it generates all the terms.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> v = field("h1")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> projection = formulation()
>>>
>>> projection += integral(vol, dof(v)*tf(v), 0, 2)
>>> projection += integral(vol, dt(dof(v))*tf(v) - 2*tf(v))
>>> projection += integral(vol, dtdt(dof(v))*tf(v))
>>>
>>> projection.generatestiffnessmatrix()    # Here it only generates dof(v)*tf(v)

`getmatrix`

def getmatrix(
    self,
    KCM: int,
    keepfragments: bool = False,
    additionalconstraints: List[indexmat] = []
) ‑> quanscient.mat

Depending on KCM argument value, it returns the corresponding matrix as follows:

, returns the stiffness matrix
, returns the damping matrix
, returns the mass matrix

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> v = field("h1")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> projection = formulation()
>>>
>>> projection += integral(vol, dof(v)*tf(v), 0, 2)
>>> projection += integral(vol, dt(dof(v))*tf(v) - 2*tf(v))
>>> projection += integral(vol, dtdt(dof(v))*tf(v))
>>>
>>> projection.generate()
>>> K = projection.getmatrix(0);     # equivalent to K = projection.getmatrix(KCM=0, keepfragments=False) or just K = projection.K()
>>> C = projection.getmatrix(1);     # equivalent to C = projection.getmatrix(KCM=1, keepfragments=False) or just C = projection.C()
>>> M = projection.getmatrix(2);     # equivalent to M = projection.getmatrix(KCM=2, keepfragments=False) or just M = projection.M()

`islinear`

def islinear(
    self
) ‑> bool

This returns True if the formulation defined is linear, otherwise, it returns False.

Examples

>>> vol=1; sur=2
>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>>
>>> v = field("h1")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> projection = formulation()
>>> projection += integral(vol, dof(v)*tf(v) - 2*tf(v))
>>> projection.islinear()
True

`rhs`

def rhs(
    self,
    keepvector: bool = False,
    dirichletandportupdate: bool = True
) ‑> quanscient.vec

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> v = field("h1")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> projection = formulation()
>>>
>>> projection += integral(vol, dof(v)*tf(v), 0, 2)
>>> projection += integral(vol, dt(dof(v))*tf(v) - 2*tf(v))
>>> projection += integral(vol, dtdt(dof(v))*tf(v))
>>>
>>> projection.generate()
>>> rhs = projection.rhs();     # equivalent to rhs = projection.rhs(keepvector=False)

`solve`

def solve(
    self,
    soltype: str = 'lu',
    diagscaling: bool = False,
    blockstoconsider: List[int] = [-1]
) ‑> None

This generates the formulation, solves the algebraic problem with a direct solver then saves all the data in vector to the fields defined in the formulation.

Parameters

soltype : str : Direct solver type: "lu" or "cholesky". Default is "lu".

diagscaling : bool : If True, diagonal scaling preconditioning is applied. Default is False.

blockstoconsider : List[int] : List of blocks considered for solving. Default is meaning all the blocks are considered.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> v = field("h1")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> projection = formulation()
>>>
>>> projection += integral(vol, dof(v)*tf(v) - 2*tf(v))
>>> projection.solve();     # equivalent to projection.solve("lu", False, -1);
>>> v.write(vol, "v.vtu", 1)

`genalpha`

class genalpha(
    formul: formulation,
    dtxinit: vec,
    dtdtxinit: vec,
    verbosity: int = 3,
    isrhskcmconstant: List[bool] = [False, False, False, False]
)

This defines the genalpha object to solve in time the formulation formul with the fields' state as an initial solution for , dtxinit for , dtdtxinit for . The isrhskcmconstant list can be used to specify whether the RHS vector, K matrix, C matrix and M matrix are constant in time (default is False). If isrhskcmconstant[i]=True, the corresponding vector/matrix is generated once and then reused. In rhskcconstant[i]:

corresponds to the rhs vector
corresponds to the K matrix
corresponds to the C matrix
corresponds to the M matrix

If the K, C and M matrices are constant in time, the factorization of the algebraic problem is also reused.

The genalpha object allows performing a generalized alpha time resolution for a problem of the form , be it linear or nonlinear. The solutions for as well as and are made available. For nonlinear problems, a fixed-point iteration is performed at every timestep until the relative error (norm of relative solution vector change) is less than the prescribed tolerance.

The generalized alpha method comes with four parameters (, , and ) that can be tuned to adjust the properties of the time resolution method (convergence order, stability, high frequency, damping and so on). When both parameters are set to zero, a classical Newmark iteration is obtained. By default, the parameters are set to (, , and ) which corresponds to an unconditionally stable Newmark iteration.

A convenient way proposed to set the four parameters is to specify a high-frequency dissipation level and let the four parameters be deduced accordingly. This gives a set of parameters leading to an unconditionally stable, second-order accurate algorithm possessing an optimal combination of high-frequency and low-frequency dissipation. More information on the generalized alpha method can be found in the paper A time integration algorithm for structural dynamics with improved numerical dissipation: the generalized-alpha method.

Notes

Even if the rhs vector can be reused the Dirichlet constraints will nevertheless be recomputed at each timestep.

Methods

`allnext`

def allnext(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> None

This is a collective MPI operation and hence must be called by all ranks. It is similar to the genalpha.next() function but the resolution is performed on all ranks using DDM. This method runs the generalized alpha algorithm for one timestep. After the call, the time and field values are updated on all the DDM ranks. This method can be used for both linear and nonlinear problems.

Examples

Example 1: genalpha.allnext(relrestol: double, maxnumit: int, timestep: double) This is used for linear problems. The relrestol and maxnumit arguments correspond to the stopping criteria for DDM solver. The DDM iterations stop if either relative residual tolerance is less than relrestol or if the number of DDM iterations reaches maxnumit. Use timestep=-1 for automatic time adaptivity.

Example 2: genalpha.next(relrestol: double, maxnumit: int, timestep: double, maxnumnlit:int) This is used for nonlinear problems. The relrestol and maxnumit arguments correspond to the stopping criteria for DDM solver. The DDM iteration stops if either relative residual tolerance is less than relrestol or if the number of DDM iterations reaches maxnumit. A nonlinear fixed-point iteration is performed for at most maxnumnlit or until the relative error (norm of relative solution vector change) is smaller than the tolerance prescribed in genalpha.settolerance(). Set timestep=-1 for automatic time-adaptivity and maxnumnlit=-1 for unlimited nonlinear iterations. This method returns the number of nonlinear iterations performed.

`count`

def count(
    self
) ‑> int

This counts the total number of steps computed.

`gettimederivative`

def gettimederivative(
    self
) ‑> List[quanscient.vec]

This returns a list containing current time derivative solutions. The first element in the list contains the solution of the first time derivative and the second element contains the solution of the second time derivative .

`gettimes`

def gettimes(
    self
) ‑> List[float]

This returns all the time values stepped through.

`gettimestep`

def gettimestep(
    self
) ‑> float

This returns the current timestep.

`next`

def next(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> None

This runs the generalized alpha algorithm for one timestep. After the call, the time and field values are updated. This method can be used for both linear and nonlinear problems.

Examples

Example 1: genalpha.next(timestep: double) This is used for linear problems. \boldsymbol{Use for automatic time-adaptivity}.

Example 2: genalpha.next(timestep: double, maxnumnlit:int) This is used for nonlinear problems. A nonlinear fixed-point iteration is performed for at most maxnumnlit or until the relative error (norm of relative solution vector change) is smaller than the tolerance prescribed in genalpha.settolerance(). Set timestep=-1 for automatic time-adaptivity and maxnumnlit=-1 for unlimited nonlinear iterations. This method returns the number of nonlinear iterations performed.

`postsolve`

def postsolve(
    self,
    formuls: List[formulation]
) ‑> None

This defines the set of formulations that must be solved every resolution of the formulation provided to the genalpha constructor. The formulations provided here must lead to a system of the form (no damping or mass matrix allowed).

`presolve`

def presolve(
    self,
    formuls: List[formulation]
) ‑> None

`setadaptivity`

def setadaptivity(
    self,
    tol: float,
    mints: float,
    maxts: float,
    reffact: float = 0.5,
    coarfact: float = 2.0,
    coarthres: float = 0.5
) ‑> None

This sets the configuration for automatic time adaptivity. The timestep will be adjusted between the minimum timestep () and maximum timesteps () to reach the requested relative error tolerance (). The relative error is defined as

to measure the relative deviation from a constant time derivative.

Arguments and give the factor to use when the time step is refined or coarsened respectively. The timestep is refined when the relative error is above or when the maximum number of nonlinear iterations is reached. The timestep is coarsened when the relative error is below the product and the nonlinear loop has converged in less than the maximum number of iterations.

`setparameter`

def setparameter(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> None

This is used to set the parameters of the generalized alpha method.

To set the four parameters (, , and ), four arguments are passed, one for each parameter:

>>> genalpha.setparameter(b: double, g: double, ad: double, am: double)

To set the high-frequency dissipation (), only one argument is passed:

>>> genalpha.setparameter(rinf: double)
The range of high-frequency dissipation is in the range $0 \leq \rho_{\infty} \leq 1$. The four generalized alpha
parameters are optimally deduced from ($\rho_{\infty}$). The deduced parameters lead to an unconditionally stable,
second-order accurate algorithm possessing an optimal combination of high-frequency and low-frequency dissipation. Lower
($\rho_{\infty}$) values lead to more dissipation.

`setrelaxationfactor`

def setrelaxationfactor(
    self,
    relaxfact: float
) ‑> None

This sets the relaxation factor for the fixed-point nonlinear iteration performed at every timestep for nonlinear problems. If the relaxation factor is not set, the default value of is set. If is the solution obtained at a current iteration, is solution at previous iteration, then the new solution at the current iteration is updated as

where is the relaxation factor.

`settimederivative`

def settimederivative(
    self,
    sol: List[vec]
) ‑> None

This sets the current solution for the time derivatives and to sol[0] and sol[1] respectively.

`settimestep`

def settimestep(
    self,
    timestep: float
) ‑> None

This sets the current timestep.

`settolerance`

def settolerance(
    self,
    nltol: float
) ‑> None

This sets the tolerance for the fixed-point nonlinear iteration performed at every timestep for nonlinear problems. If the tolerance is not set, the default value of is considered.

`setverbosity`

def setverbosity(
    self,
    verbosity: int
) ‑> None

This sets the verbosity level. For debugging, higher verbosity is recommended. If the verbosity is not set, the default value of is considered.

`impliciteuler`

class impliciteuler(
    formul: formulation,
    dtxinit: vec,
    verbosity: int = 3,
    isrhskcconstant: List[bool] = [False, False, False]
)

This defines the impliciteuler object to solve in time the formulation formul with the fields' state as an initial solution for and dtxinit for . The isrhskcconstant list can be used to specify whether the RHS vector, K matrix and C matrix are constant in time (default is False). If isrhskcconstant[i]=True, the corresponding vector/matrix is generated once and then reused. In rhskcconstant[i]:

corresponds to the rhs vector
corresponds to the K matrix
corresponds to the C matrix

If the K and C matrix are constant in time, the factorization of the algebraic problem is also reused.

The impliciteuler object allows performing an implicit (backward) Euler time resolution for a problem of the form , be it linear or nonlinear. The solutions for , as well as , are made available. For nonlinear problems, a fixed-point iteration is performed at every timestep until the relative error (norm of relative solution vector change) is less than the prescribed tolerance.

Notes

Even if the rhs vector can be reused the Dirichlet constraints will nevertheless be recomputed at each timestep.

Methods

`allnext`

def allnext(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> None

This is a collective MPI operation and hence must be called by all ranks. It is similar to the impliciteuler.next() function but the resolution is performed on all ranks using DDM. This method runs the implicit Euler algorithm for one timestep. After the call, the time and field values are updated on all the DDM ranks. This method can be used for both linear and nonlinear problems.

Examples

Example 1: impliciteuler.allnext(relrestol: double, maxnumit: int, timestep: double) This is used for linear problems. The relrestol and maxnumit arguments correspond to the stopping criteria for DDM solver. The DDM iterations stop if either relative residual tolerance is less than relrestol or if the number of DDM iterations reaches maxnumit. Use timestep=-1 for automatic time adaptivity.

Example 2: impliciteuler.next(relrestol: double, maxnumit: int, timestep: double, maxnumnlit:int) This is used for nonlinear problems. The relrestol and maxnumit arguments correspond to the stopping criteria for DDM solver. The DDM iteration stops if either relative residual tolerance is less than relrestol or if the number of DDM iterations reaches maxnumit. A nonlinear fixed-point iteration is performed for at most maxnumnlit or until the relative error (norm of relative solution vector change) is smaller than the tolerance prescribed in impliciteuler.settolerance(). Set timestep=-1 for automatic time-adaptivity and maxnumnlit=-1 for unlimited nonlinear iterations. This method returns the number of nonlinear iterations performed.

`count`

def count(
    self
) ‑> int

This counts the total number of steps computed.

`gettimederivative`

def gettimederivative(
    self
) ‑> quanscient.vec

This returns the current solution for the first time derivative .

`gettimes`

def gettimes(
    self
) ‑> List[float]

This returns all the time values stepped through.

`gettimestep`

def gettimestep(
    self
) ‑> float

This returns the current timestep.

`next`

def next(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> None

This runs the implicit Euler algorithm for one timestep. After the call, the time and field values are updated. This method can be used for both linear and nonlinear problems depending on the number of arguments passed.

Examples

Example 1: implicit.next(timestep: double) This is used for linear problems. \boldsymbol{Use for automatic time-adaptivity}.

Example 2: implicit.next(timestep: double, maxnumnlit:int) This is used for nonlinear problems. A nonlinear fixed-point iteration is performed for at most maxnumnlit or until the relative error (norm of relative solution vector change) is smaller than the tolerance prescribed in impliciteuler.settolerance(). Set timestep=-1 for automatic time-adaptivity and maxnumnlit=-1 for unlimited nonlinear iterations. This method returns the number of nonlinear iterations performed.

`postsolve`

def postsolve(
    self,
    formuls: List[formulation]
) ‑> None

This defines the set of formulations that must be solved every resolution of the formulation provided to the impliciteuler constructor. The formulations provided here must lead to a system of the form (no damping or mass matrix allowed).

`presolve`

def presolve(
    self,
    formuls: List[formulation]
) ‑> None

`setadaptivity`

def setadaptivity(
    self,
    tol: float,
    mints: float,
    maxts: float,
    reffact: float = 0.5,
    coarfact: float = 2.0,
    coarthres: float = 0.5
) ‑> None

to measure the relative deviation from a constant time derivative.

`setrelaxationfactor`

def setrelaxationfactor(
    self,
    relaxfact: float
) ‑> None

where is the relaxation factor.

`settimederivative`

def settimederivative(
    self,
    sol: vec
) ‑> None

This sets the current solution for the first time derivatives to sol[0].

`settimestep`

def settimestep(
    self,
    timestep: float
) ‑> None

This sets the current timestep.

`settolerance`

def settolerance(
    self,
    nltol: float
) ‑> None

This sets the tolerance for the fixed-point nonlinear iteration performed at every timestep for nonlinear problems. If the tolerance is not set, the default value of is considered.

`setverbosity`

def setverbosity(
    self,
    verbosity: int
) ‑> None

This sets the verbosity level. For debugging, higher verbosity is recommended. If the verbosity is not set, the default value of is considered.

`indexmat`

class indexmat(
    **kwargs
)

The indexmat object stores a row-major array of integers that corresponds to a dense matrix. For storing an array of doubles, see densemat object.

Examples

There are many ways of instantiating an indexmat object. There are listed below:

Example 1: indexmat(numberofrows:int, numberofcolumns:int) The following creates a matrix with 2 rows and 3 columns. The entries may be undefined.

>>> B = indexmat(2,3)

Example 2: indexmat(numberofrows:int, numberofcolumns:int, initvalue:int) This creates a matrix with 2 rows and 3 columns. All entries are assigned the value initvalue.

>>> B = indexmat(2,3, 12)
>>> B.print()
Matrix size is 2x3
12 12 12
12 12 12

Example 3: indexmat(numberofrows:int, numberofcolumns:int, valvec:List[int]) This creates a matrix with 2 rows and 3 columns. The entries are assigned the values of valvec. The length of valvec is expected to be equal to the total count of entries in the matrix. So for creating a matrix of size , length of valvec must be 6.

>>> B = indexmat(2,3, [1,2,3,4,5,6])
>>> B.print()
Matrix size is 2x3
1 2 3
4 5 6

Example 4: indexmat(numberofrows:int, numberofcolumns:int, init:int, step:int) This creates a matrix with 2 rows and 3 columns. The first entry is assigned the value init and the consecutive entries are assigned values that increase by steps of step.

>>> B = indexmat(2,3, 0, 1)
>>> B.print()
Matrix size is 2x3
0 1 2
3 4 5

Example 5: indexmat(input:List[indexmat]) This creates a matrix that is the vertical concatenation of input matrices. Since the concatenation occurs vertically, the number of columns in all the input matrices must match.

>>> A = indexmat(2,3, 0)
>>> B = indexmat(1,3, 2)
>>> AB = indexmat([A,B])
>>> AB.print()
Matrix size is 3x3
0 0 0
0 0 0
2 2 2

Methods

`count`

def count(
    self
) ‑> int

This counts and returns the total number of entries in the dense matrix.

Example

>>> B = indexmat(2,3)
>>> B.count()
6

`countcolumns`

def countcolumns(
    self
) ‑> int

This counts and returns the number of columns in the dense matrix.

Example

>>> B = indexmat(2,3)
>>> B.countcolumns()
3

`countrows`

def countrows(
    self
) ‑> int

This counts and returns the number of rows in the dense matrix.

Example

>>> B = indexmat(2,3)
>>> B.countrows()
2

`print`

def print(
    self
) ‑> None

This prints the entries of the dense matrix.

Example

>>> B = indexmat(2,3, 0,1)
>>> B.print()
Matrix size is 2x3
0 1 2
3 4 5

`printsize`

def printsize(
    self
) ‑> None

This prints the size of the dense matrix.

Example

>>> B = indexmat(2,3)
>>> B.printsize()
Matrix size is 2x3

`integration`

class integration

`logformat`

class logformat(
    value: int
)

Holds possible log formats

Members -----=

plain

json

Class variables

`json`

Type: quanscient.logformat

`plain`

Type: quanscient.logformat

`mat`

class mat(
    **kwargs
)

The mat object holds a sparse algebraic square matrix.

Raises

RuntimeError : If a mesh object is not available before creating a mat object.

Notes

Before creating a mat object, ensure that a mesh object is available. If a mesh object is not already available, create an empty mesh object.

Examples

There are many ways of instantiating an indexmat object. There are listed below:

Example 1: mat(matsize:int, rowaddresses:indexmat, coladdresess:indexmat, vals:densemat) This creates a sparse matrix object of size matsizematsize. The rowaddresses and coladdresess provide the location (row, col) of non-zero values in the sparse matrix. The non-zero values are provided in the dense matrix vals. Note that a mesh object must already be available before instantiating mat object.

>>> rows = indexmat(7,1, [0,0,1,1,1,2,2])
>>> cols = indexmat(7,1, [0,1,0,1,2,1,2])
>>> vals = densemat(7,1, [11,12,13,14,15,16,17])
>>>
>>> mymesh = mesh()
>>> A = mat(3, rows, cols, vals)
>>> A.print()
A block 3x3:

Mat Object: 1 MPI processes type: seqaij row 0: (0, 11.) (1, 12.) row 1: (0, 13.) (1, 14.) (2, 15.) row 2: (1, 16.) (2, 17.)

D block 3x0:

Mat Object: 1 MPI processes type: seqaij row 0: row 1: row 2:

Example 2: mat(myformulation:formulation, rowaddresses:indexmat, coladdresses:indexmat, vals:densemat) This creates a sparse matrix object whose dof() structure is the one in the formulation projection. The rowaddresses and coladdresess provide the location (row, col) of non-zero values in the sparse matrix. The non-zero values are provided in the dense matrix vals.

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol=1; sur=2
>>> v = field("h1")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> projection = formulation()
>>>
>>> addresses = indexmat(numberofrows=projection.countdofs(), numberofcolumns=1, init=0, step=1)
>>> vals = densemat(numberofrows=projection.countdofs(), numberofcolumns=1, init=12)
>>>
>>> A = mat(formulation=projection, rowaddresses=addresses, coladdresses=addresses, densemat=vals)

Methods

`copy`

def copy(
    self
) ‑> quanscient.mat

This creates a full copy of the matrix. Only the values are copied. (E.g: the mat.reusefactorization() is set back to the default no reuse.)

Example

>>> A =
>>> copiedmat = A.copy()

`countcolumns`

def countcolumns(
    self
) ‑> int

This counts and returns the number of columns in the matrix.

Example

>>> numcols = A.countcolumns()

`countnnz`

def countnnz(
    self
) ‑> int

This counts and returns the number of non-zero entries in the matrix which is the sub-matrix of with eliminated Dirichlet constraints. Refer mat.getainds().

If the requested information is not available, then is returned.

Example

>>> numnnz = A.countnnz()

`countrows`

def countrows(
    self
) ‑> int

This counts and returns the number of rows in the matrix.

Example

>>> numrows = A.countrows()

`getainds`

def getainds(
    self
) ‑> quanscient.indexmat

Let us call dinds the set of unknowns that have a Dirichlet constraint and ainds the remaining unknowns. The mat object holds sub-matrices and such that

where is a square matrix equal to with eliminated Dirichlet constraints. is an all zero matrix and is the square identity matrix of all Dirichlet constraints. Matrices and are stored with their local indexing. The methods mat.getainds() and mat.getdinds() gives the global indexing (i.e index in ) of each local index in and .

Example

>>> ainds = A.getainds()

`getdinds`

def getdinds(
    self
) ‑> quanscient.indexmat

This outputs dinds.

Example

>>> dinds = A.getdinds()

`print`

def print(
    self
) ‑> None

This prints the matrix size and values.

Example

>>> A.print()

`reusefactorization`

def reusefactorization(
    self
) ‑> None

The matrix factorization will be reused in allsolve().

`mesh`

class mesh(
    **kwargs
)

The mesh object holds the finite element mesh of the geometry.

Examples

A mesh object based on a mesh file can be created through the native reader or via the GMSH API. To get more information on the physical regions of the mesh, the verbosity argument can be set to .

>>> # Creating a mesh object with the native reader:
>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>>
>>> # Creating a mesh object with GMSH API:
>>> mymesh = mesh("gmsh:disk.msh")

In the domain decomposition framework, creating a mesh object requires two additional arguments: globalgeometryskin and numoverlaplayers. Furthermore, the mesh is treated as a part of a global mesh. Each MPI rank owns only a part of the global mesh and all ranks must perform the call collectively. The argument globalgeometryskin is the part of the global mesh skin that belongs to the current rank. It can only hold elements of dimension one lower than the geometry dimension. The global mesh skin cannot intersect itself. The mesh parts are overlapped by the number of overlap layers requested. More than one overlap layer cannot be guaranteed everywhere as the overlapping is limited to the direct neighbouring domains. mesh(filename:str, globalgeometryskin:int, numoverlaplayers:int, verbosity:int=1)

In the above examples, the mesh objects were created based on a mesh file. Similarly, mesh objects can be created based on shape objects.

>>> # define physical regions
>>> faceregionnumber=1; lineregionnumber=2
>>>
>>> # define a quadrangle shape object
>>> quadface = shape("quadrangle", faceregionnumber, [0,0,0, 1,0,0, 1,1,0, 0,1,0], [10,6,10,6])
>>>
>>> # get the leftline from the contour of the quad shape object
>>> contourlines = quadface.getsons()  # returns a list
>>> leftline = contourlines[3]
>>> leftline.setphysicalregion(lineregionnumber)
>>>
>>> # create mesh object based on the quadrangle shape and its left-side line
>>> mymesh = mesh([quadface, leftline])
>>> mymesh.write("quadmesh.msh")

Creating a mesh object from the shape object can be carried out also in the domain decomposition framework using the following syntax: mesh(inputshapes:List[shape], globalgeometryskin:int, numoverlaplayers:int, verbosity:int=1)

It is also possible to combine multiple meshes. Elements shared by the input meshes can either be merged or not by setting the bool value for argument mergeduplicates. For every input mesh, a new physical region containing all elements is created. Set verbosity equal to 2 to get information on physical regions in the mesh.

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> mymesh.shift(2,1,0)     # all entities are shifted by x,y,z amount
>>> mymesh.write("shifted.msh")
>>>
>>> mergedmesh = mesh(True, ["disk.msh", "shifted.msh"])
>>> mergedmesh.write("merged.msh")
>>>
>>> mergedmesh = mesh("merged.msh", 2)

Methods

`extrude`

def extrude(
    self,
    newphysreg: int,
    newbndphysreg: int,
    bnd: int,
    extrudelens: List[float]
) ‑> None

This extrudes the boundary region bnd. After the extrusion process, newphysreg will contain the extruded region and newbndphysreg will contain the extrusion end boundary.

Parameters

newphysreg : int : The physical region that will contain the extruded region.

newbndphysreg : int : The physical region that will contain the end boundary of extrusion.

bnd : int : The boundary region that is extruded.

extrudelens : List[float] : A list specifying the size of each layer in the extrusion. The length of list determines the number of mesh layers in the extrusion. If is given as the extrusion length for each layer, an optimal value is automatically calculated.

Example

We use the disk.msh for the example here.

>>> vol=1; sur=2; top=3; circle=4   # physical regions defined in disk.msh
>>> volextruded=5; bndextruded=6;   # new physical regions that will be utilized in extrusion
>>> mymesh = mesh()
>>>
>>> # predefine extrusion
>>> mymesh.extrude(newphysreg = volextruded, newbndphysreg = bndextruded,
...                bnd = sur, extrudelens = [0.1,0.05])
>>>
>>> # extrusion is performed when the mesh is loaded.
>>> mymesh.load("disk.msh")
>>> mymesh.write("diskpml.msh")

`getdimension`

def getdimension(
    self
) ‑> int

This returns the dimension of the highest dimension element in the mesh 0D, 1D, 2D or 3D.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> dim = mymesh.getdimension()
>>> dim
3

`getdimensions`

def getdimensions(
    self
) ‑> List[float]

This returns the x, y and z mesh dimensions in meters.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> dims = mymesh.getdimensions()
>>> dims
[2.0, 2.0, 0.1]

`getphysicalregionnumbers`

def getphysicalregionnumbers(
    self,
    dim: int = -1
) ‑> List[int]

This returns all physical region numbers of a given dimension. Use or no argument to get the regions of all dimensions.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> allphysregs = mymesh.getphysicalregionnumbers()
[4, 2, 3, 1]

`load`

def load(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> None

This method allows an empty mesh object to be populated with mesh data. It takes in the same corresponding arguments as required in instantiating a mesh object directly. The only difference with direct instantiation is that this method requires that an empty mesh object is already created. If this method is called by a non-empty mesh object any existing mesh data are lost.

Examples

>>> # Create an empty mesh object
>>> mymesh = mesh()
>>>
>>> # Load a mesh file with the native reader:
>>> mymesh.load("disk.msh", 2)
>>>
>>> # Load a mesh file with GMSH API:
>>> mymesh = mesh("gmsh:disk.msh", 2)

Loading a mesh from the shape objects:

>>> # define physical regions
>>> faceregionnumber=1; lineregionnumber=2
>>>
>>> # define a quadrangle shape object
>>> quadface = shape("quadrangle", faceregionnumber, [0,0,0, 1,0,0, 1,1,0, 0,1,0], [10,6,10,6])
>>>
>>> # get the leftline from the contour of the quad shape object
>>> contourlines = quadface.getsons()  # returns a list
>>> leftline = contourlines[3]
>>> leftline.setphysicalregion(lineregionnumber)
>>>
>>> # Load a mesh from the quadrangle shape and its left-side line
>>> mymesh = mesh()     # creates an empty mesh object
>>> mymesh.load([quadface, leftline])
>>> mymesh.write("quadmesh.msh")

Combing multiple meshes with load method

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> mymesh.shift(2,1,0)     # all entities are shifted by x,y,z amount
>>> mymesh.write("shifted.msh")
>>>
>>> mergedmesh = mesh()
>>> mergedmesh.load(True, ["disk.msh", "shifted.msh"])
>>> mergedmesh.write("merged.msh")
>>>
>>> mergedmesh = mesh("merged.msh", 2)

`move`

def move(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> None

This moves the whole or part of the mesh object by the x, y and z components of expression u in the x, y and z direction.

Examples

>>> vol = 1
>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> x=field("x"); y=field("y")
>>>
>>> # Move the whole mesh object
>>> mymesh.move(array3x1(0,0, sin(x*y)))
>>> mymesh.write("moved.msh")
>>>
>>> # Move only the mesh part on the physical region 'vol'
>>> mymesh.move(vol, array3x1(0,0, sin(x*y)))
>>> mymesh.write("moved.msh")

`partition`

def partition(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> None

This requests a DDM partition of the mesh.

Examples

Example 1: partition()

>>> mymesh = mesh()
>>> mymesh.partition()
>>> mymesh.load("disk.msh")

Example 2: partition(groupsphysregs: List[List[int]], groupsnumranks: List[int])

Here the user has the flexibility to selective pick physical regions into certain groups. In the below example, all the entities of the physical region "sur" is grouped to the rank number .

>>> vol=1; sur=2; top=3
>>> mymesh = mesh()
>>> mymesh.partition([[sur]], [0])
>>> mymesh.load("disk.msh")

`printdimensions`

def printdimensions(
    self
) ‑> List[float]

This prints and returns the x, y and z mesh dimensions.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> mymesh.printdimensions()
Mesh dimensions:
x: 2 m
y: 2 m
z: 0.1 m
[2.0, 2.0, 0.1]

`rotate`

def rotate(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> None

This rotates the whole or part of the mesh object first by ax degrees around x axis followed by ay degrees around the y-axis and then by az degrees around the z-axis.

Examples

>>> vol = 1
>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>>
>>> # rotate the whole mesh object
>>> mymesh.rotate(20,60,90)
>>> mymesh.write("rotated.msh")
>>>
>>> # rotate only the mesh part on the physical region 'vol'
>>> mymesh.rotate(vol, 20,60,90)
>>> mymesh.write("rotated.msh")

`scale`

def scale(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> None

This scales the whole or part of the mesh object first by a factor x, y and z respectively in the x, y and z direction.

Examples

>>> vol = 1
>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>>
>>> # scale the whole mesh object
>>> mymesh.scale(0.1,0.2,1.0)
>>> mymesh.write("scaled.msh")
>>>
>>> # scale only the mesh part on the physical region 'vol'
>>> mymesh.scale(vol, 0.1,0.2,1.0)
>>> mymesh.write("scaled.msh")

`selectanynode`

def selectanynode(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> None

This tells the mesh object to create a new physical region newphysreg that contains a single node arbitrarily chosen in the region physregtoselectfrom. If no region is selected (i.e. if physregtoexcludefrom is empty) or if the argument physregtoexcludefrom is not provided, then the arbitrary node is chosen considering the whole domain. The new region newphysreg is created when the mesh.load() method is called on the mesh object.

Examples

Example 1: mesh.selectanynode(newphysreg:int, physregtoselectfrom:int)

>>> vol=1; anynode=12
>>> mymesh = mesh()
>>> mymesh.selectanynode(excluded, vol, [box])   # a node is chosen from 'vol' region
>>> mymesh.load("disk.msh")
>>> mymesh.write("out.msh")

Example 2: mesh.selectanynode(newphysreg:int)

>>> vol=1; anynode=12
>>> mymesh = mesh()
>>> mymesh.selectanynode(excluded, [box])      # a node is chosen from the whole domain
>>> mymesh.load("disk.msh")
>>> mymesh.write("out.msh")

`selectbox`

def selectbox(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> None

This tells the mesh object to create a new physical region newphysreg that contains elements of the region physregtoselectfrom that are in the box delimited by [,, ,, ,] given in boxlimit. If no region is selected (i.e. if physregtoselectfrom is empty) or if the argument physregtoselectfrom is not provided, then the box region is created considering the whole domain.

The new region newphysreg is created when the mesh.load() method is called on the mesh object. The elements populated in the new region newphysreg are of dimension selecteddim.

Examples

Example 1: mesh.selectbox(newphysreg:int, physregtobox:int, selecteddim:int, boxlimit:List[double])

>>> vol=1; boxregion=12
>>> mymesh = mesh()
>>> mymesh.selectbox(boxregion, vol, 3, [0,1,0, 1,0,0.1])   # select box region from the 'vol' region
>>> mymesh.load("disk.msh")
>>>
>>> v=field("h1"); x=field("x"); y=field("y"); z=field("z")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> v.setvalue(vol, x*y*z)
>>> v.write(vol, "v.vtk", 1)
>>> v.write(boxregion, "vboxregion.vtk", 1)

Example 2: mesh.selectbox(newphysreg:int, selecteddim:int, boxlimit:List[double])

>>> vol=1; boxregion=12
>>> mymesh = mesh()
>>> mymesh.selectbox(boxregion, 3, [0,1,0, 1,0,0.1])      # select box region from the whole domain
>>> mymesh.load("disk.msh")
>>>
>>> v=field("h1"); x=field("x"); y=field("y"); z=field("z")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> v.setvalue(vol, x*y*z)
>>> v.write(vol, "v.vtk", 1)
>>> v.write(boxregion, "vboxregion.vtk", 1)

`selectexclusion`

def selectexclusion(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> None

This tells the mesh object to create a new physical region newphysreg that contains the elements of the region physregtoexcludefrom that are not in physregtoexclude. If no region is selected (i.e. if physregtoexcludefrom is empty) or if the argument physregtoexcludefrom is not provided, then the new region is created considering the whole domain. The new region newphysreg is created when the mesh.load() method is called on the mesh object.

Examples

Example 1: mesh.selectexclusion(newphysreg:int, physregtoexlcudefrom:int, physregtoexclude:int)`

>>> vol=1; sur=2; top=3; box=11; excluded=12
>>> mymesh = mesh()
>>> mymesh.selectbox(box, vol, 3, [0,2, -2,2, -2,2])
>>> mymesh.selectexclusion(excluded, vol, [box])   # physregtoexcludefrom = 'vol'
>>> mymesh.load("disk.msh")
>>> mymesh.write("out.msh")

Example 2: mesh.selectexclusion(newphysreg:int, physregtoexclude:int)`

>>> vol=1; sur=2; top=3; box=11; excluded=12
>>> mymesh = mesh()
>>> mymesh.selectbox(box, vol, 3, [0,2, -2,2, -2,2])
>>> mymesh.selectexclusion(excluded, [box])      # physregtoexcludefrom = whole domain
>>> mymesh.load("disk.msh")
>>> mymesh.write("out.msh")

`selectlayer`

def selectlayer(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> None

This tells the mesh object to create a new physical region newphysreg that contains the layer of elements of the region physregtoselectfrom that touches the region physregtostartgrowth. If no region is selected (i.e. if physregtoselectfrom is empty) or if the argument physregtoselectfrom is not provided, then the layer region is created considering the whole domain. When multiple layers are requested through the argument numlayers, they are grown on top of each other. The new region newphysreg is created when the mesh.load() method is called on the mesh object.

Examples

Example 1: mesh.selectlayer(newphysreg:int, physregtoselectfrom:int, physregtostartgrowth:int, numlayers:int)

>>> vol=1; sur=2; top=3; layerregion=12
>>> mymesh = mesh()
>>> mymesh.selectlayer(layerregion, vol, sur, 1)   # select layer region from the 'vol' region
>>> mymesh.load("disk.msh")
>>> mymesh.write("out.msh")

Example 2: mesh.selectlayer(newphysreg:int, physregtostartgrowth:int, numlayers:int)

>>> vol=1; sur=2; top=3; layerregion=12
>>> mymesh = mesh()
>>> mymesh.selectlayer(layerregion, sur, 1)      # select layer region from the whole domain
>>> mymesh.load("disk.msh")
>>> mymesh.write("out.msh")

`selectskin`

def selectskin(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> None

This tells the mesh object to create a new physical region newphysreg that contains elements that form the skin of the selected physical regions. If no region is selected (i.e. if physregtoselectfrom is empty) or if the argument physregtoselectfrom is not provided, then the skin region is created considering the whole domain.

The skin region newphysreg is created when the mesh.load() method is called on the mesh object. The dimension of the skin region is always one dimension less than that of the physical regions selected. Note that space derivatives or 'hcurl' field evaluations on a surface do not usually lead to the same values as a volume evaluation.

Examples

Example 1: mesh.selectskin(newphysreg:int, physregtoskin)

>>> vol=1; skin=12
>>> mymesh = mesh()
>>> mymesh.selectskin(skin, vol)        # select skin region from the 'vol' region
>>>
>>> mymesh.load("disk.msh")
>>> v=field("h1"); x=field("x"); y=field("y"); z=field("z")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> v.setvalue(vol, x*y*z)
>>> v.write(vol, "v.vtk", 1)
>>> v.write(skin, "vskin.vtk", 1)

Example 2: mesh.selectskin(newphysreg:int)

>>> vol=1; skin=12
>>> mymesh = mesh()
>>> mymesh.selectskin(skin)           # select skin region from the whole domain
>>>
>>> mymesh.load("disk.msh")
>>> v=field("h1"); x=field("x"); y=field("y"); z=field("z")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> v.setvalue(vol, x*y*z)
>>> v.write(vol, "v.vtk", 1)
>>> v.write(skin, "vskin.vtk", 1)s

`selectsphere`

def selectsphere(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> None

This tells the mesh object to create a new physical region newphysreg that contains elements of the region physregtoselectfrom that are in the sphere of prescribed radius and of center [, ,] as given in centercoords. If no region is selected (i.e. if physregtoselectfrom is empty) or if the argument physregtoselectfrom is not provided, then the sphere region is created considering the whole domain.

The new region newphysreg is created when the mesh.load() method is called on the mesh object. The elements populated in the new region newphysreg are of dimension selecteddim.

Examples

Example 1: mesh.selectsphere(newphysreg:int, physregtosphere:int, selecteddim:int, centercoords:List[double], radius:double)

>>> vol=1; sphereregion=12
>>> mymesh = mesh()
>>> mymesh.selectsphere(sphereregion, vol, 3, [1,0,0], 1)   # select sphere region from the 'vol' region
>>> mymesh.load("disk.msh")
>>>
>>> v=field("h1"); x=field("x"); y=field("y"); z=field("z")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> v.setvalue(vol, x*y*z)
>>> v.write(vol, "v.vtk", 1)
>>> v.write(sphereregion, "vsphereregion.vtk", 1)

Example 2: mesh.selectsphere(newphysreg:int, selecteddim:int, centercoords:List[double], radius:double)

>>> vol=1; sphereregion=12
>>> mymesh = mesh()
>>> ymesh.selectsphere(sphereregion, 3, [1,0,0], 1)      # select sphere region from the whole domain
>>> mymesh.load("disk.msh")
>>>
>>> v=field("h1"); x=field("x"); y=field("y"); z=field("z")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> v.setvalue(vol, x*y*z)
>>> v.write(vol, "v.vtk", 1)
>>> v.write(sphereregion, "vsphereregion.vtk", 1)

`setadaptivity`

def setadaptivity(
    self,
    criterion: expression,
    lownumsplits: int,
    highnumsplits: int
) ‑> None

Each element in the mesh will be adapted (refined/coarsened) based on the value of a positive criterion (h-adaptivity). The max range of the criterion is split into a number of intervals equal to the number of refinement levels in the range lownumsplits and highnumsplits. All intervals have the same size. The barycenter value of the criterion on each element is considered to select the interval, and therefore the corresponding refinement of each mesh element. As an example, for a criterion with the highest value of 900 over the entire domain and a low/high refinement level requested of 1/3 the refinement on mesh elements with criterion value in the range 0 to 300, 300 to 600, 600 to 900 will be 1, 2, 3 levels respectively.

Example

>>> all = 1
>>> q = shape("quadrangle", all, [0,0,0, 1,0,0, 1.2,1,0, 0,1,0], [5,5,5,5])
>>> mymesh = mesh([q])
>>> x = field("x"); y = field("y")
>>> criterion = 1 + sin(10*x)*sin(10*y)
>>>
>>> mymesh.setadaptivity(criterion, 0, 5)
>>>
>>> for i in range(5):
...     criterion.write(all, f"criterion_{100+i}.vtk", 1)
...     adapt(1)

`setcohomologycuts`

def setcohomologycuts(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> None

This makes the mesh object aware of the cohomology cut regions.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh()
>>> mymesh.setcohomologycuts([chreg1, chreg2])
>>> mymesh.load("disk.msh")

`setphysicalregions`

def setphysicalregions(
    self,
    dims: List[int],
    nums: List[int],
    geometryentities: List[List[int]]
) ‑> None

`shift`

def shift(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> None

This translates the whole or part of the mesh object by x, y and z amount in the x, y and z direction.

Examples

>>> vol = 1
>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> x=field("x"); y=field("y")
>>>
>>> # shift/translate the whole mesh object
>>> mymesh.shift(1.0, 2.0, 3.0)
>>> mymesh.write("shifted.msh")
>>>
>>> # shift/translate only the mesh part on physical region 'vol'
>>> mymesh.shift(vol, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0)
>>> mymesh.write("shifted.msh")

`split`

def split(
    self,
    n: int = 1
) ‑> None

This splits each element in the mesh n times. Element quality is maximized and element curvature is taken into account. Each element is split recursively n times as follows:

point \leftarrow 1 point
line \leftarrow 2 lines
triangle \leftarrow 4 triangles
quadrangle \leftarrow 4 quadrangles
tetrahedron \leftarrow 8 tetrahedra
hexahedron \leftarrow 8 hexahedra
prism \leftarrow 8 prisms
pyramid \leftarrow 6 pyramids + 4 tetrahedra

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh()
>>> mymesh.split()
>>> mymesh.load("disk.msh")
>>> mymesh.write("splitdisk.msh")

`use`

def use(
    self
) ‑> None

This allows one to select which mesh to use in case multiple meshes are available. This call invalidates all objects that are based on the previously selected mesh for as long as the latter is not selected again.

Example

>>> finemesh = mesh()
>>> finemesh.split(2)
>>> finemesh.load("disk.msh")
>>> coarsemesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> finemesh.use()

`write`

def write(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> None

This writes the mesh object to a given input filename.

Examples

>>> # mesh data
>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol=1; top=2; sur=3

If a physical region is passed in the first argument, then only part of the mesh object included in that physical region is written:

>>> mymesh.write(vol, "out.msh")

If only the file name is provided as an argument, then all the physical regions of the mesh are written.

>>> mymesh.write("out.msh)
>>> # or equivalently:
>>> mymesh.write("out1.msh", physregs=[-1], option=1)

The argument physregs is the list of physical regions that will be written if the argument option=1. If option=-1 then all the physical regions except the ones in the list physregs will be written. The default value for physregs=-1 which is equivalent to considering all the physical regions (the option argument is ignored when physregs=-1).

>>> mymesh.write("out2.msh", [-1], 1)       # all physical regions are written
>>> mymesh.write("out3.msh", [-1], -1)      # all physical region will be written, ignores 'option' argument
>>> mymesh.write("out4.msh", [1,2], 1)      # physical regions 1 and 2 will be written
>>> mymesh.write("out5.msh", [1,2], -1)     # all physical regions except 1 and 2 will be written

`parameter`

class parameter(
    **kwargs
)

The parameter object can hold different expression objects on different geometric regions.

Examples

A parameter object can be a scalar. The following creates an empty object.

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> E = parameter()

A parameter object can also be a 2D array. The following creates an empty object.

>>> E = parameter(3,3)  # a 3x3 parameter matrix

Methods

`addvalue`

def addvalue(
    self,
    physreg: int,
    input: expression
) ‑> None

`allintegrate`

def allintegrate(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> float

This is a collective MPI operation and hence must be called by all ranks. This integrates a parameter across all the DDM ranks.

Examples

...

>>> myparameter = parameter()
>>> myparameter.setvalue(vol, 12.0)
>>> integralvalue = myparameter.allintegrate(vol, 4)
>>>
>>> # allintegrate on a mesh deformed by field 'u'
>>> integralvalueondeformedmesh = myparameter.allintegrate(vol, u, 4)

`allinterpolate`

def allinterpolate(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> List[float]

This is a collective MPI operation and hence must be called by all ranks. Its functionality is as described in parameter.interpolate() but considers the physical region partitioned across the DDM ranks. The xyz coordinate argument must be the same for all ranks.

Examples

>>> ...
>>> p = parameter(3,1)
>>> p.setvalue(vol, array3x1(x,y,z))
>>> interpolated = p.allinterpolate (vol, {0.5,0.6,0.05});
>>>
>>> # allinterpolate on a mesh deformed by field 'u'
>>> interpolated = p.allinterpolate (vol, u, {0.5,0.6,0.05});

`allmax`

def allmax(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> List[float]

`allmin`

def allmin(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> List[float]

`atbarycenter`

def atbarycenter(
    self,
    physreg: int,
    onefield: field
) ‑> quanscient.vec

This outputs a vec object whose structure is based on the field argument onefield and which contains the parameter evaluated at the barycenter of each reference element of physical region physreg. The barycenter of the reference element might not be identical to the barycenter of the actual element in the mesh (for curved elements, for general quadrangles, hexahedra and prisms). The evaluation at barycenter is constant on each mesh element.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> x = field("x"); f = field("one")
>>>
>>> # Evaluating the parameter
>>> p = parameter()
>>> p.setvalue(vol, 12*x)
>>> p.write(vol, "parameter.vtk", 1)
>>>
>>>> # Evaluating the same parameter at barycenter
>>> myvec = p.atbarycenter(vol, f)
>>> f.setdata(vol, myvec)
>>> f.write(vol, "barycentervalues.vtk", 1)

`countcolumns`

def countcolumns(
    self
) ‑> int

This returns the number of columns in the parameter.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> E = parameter(2,3)
>>> E.countcolumns()
3

`countrows`

def countrows(
    self
) ‑> int

This returns the number of rows in the parameter.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> E = parameter(2,3)
>>> E.countrows()
2

`integrate`

def integrate(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> float

This integrates a parameter over the physical region physreg. The integration is exact up to the order of polynomials specified in the argument integrationorder.

Examples

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> myparameter = parameter()
>>> myparameter.setvalue(vol, 12.0)
>>> integralvalue = myparameter.integrate(vol, 4)
>>>
>>> # integrate on a mesh deformed by field 'u'
>>> u = field("h1xyz")
>>> u.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> integralvalueondeformedmesh = myparameter.integrate(vol, u, 4)

`interpolate`

def interpolate(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> None

This interpolates the parameter at a single point whose [x,y,z] coordinate is provided as an argument. The flattened interpolated parameter values are returned if the point was found in the elements of the physical region physreg. If not found an empty list is returned. A parameter can also be interpolated on a deformed mesh by passing its corresponding field.

Examples

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> x=field("x"); y=field("y"); z=field("z")
>>> xyzcoord = [0.5,0.6,0.05]
>>>
>>> p = parameter(3,1)
>>> p.setvalue(vol, array3x1(x,y,z))
>>> interpolated = p.interpolate(vol, xyzcoord)
>>> interpolated
[0.5, 0.6, 0.05]
>>>
>>> # interpolation on the mesh deformed by field 'u'
>>> u = field("h1xyz")
>>> u.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> interpolated = p.interpolate(vol, u, xyzcoord)

`max`

def max(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> List[float]

This gives the max value of the parameter over the geometric region physreg. The max value is obtained by splitting all elements refinement times in each direction. Increasing the refinement will thus lead to a more accurate max value, but at an increased computational cost. The max value is exact when the refinement nodes added to the elements correspond to the position of max. For a first-order nodal shape function interpolation, on a mesh that is not curved, the max is always exact to machine precision.

Examples

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> x = field("x")
>>> p = 2*x
>>> maxdata = p.max(vol, 1)
>>> maxdata[0]
2.0

The search of the max value can be restricted to a box delimited by the last argument whose form is [xboxmin,xboxmax, yboxmin, yboxmin, zboxmax, zboxmin]. The output returned is a list of form [maxvalue, xcoordmax, ycoordmax, zcoordmax] or an empty list if the physical region argument is empty or is not in the box provided. If the argument defining the box is not provided, then the whole geometric region is considered for evaluating the max value.

>>> maxdatainbox = p.max(vol, 5, [-2,0, -2,2, -2,2])

The max value can also be evaluated on the geometry deformed by a field (possibly a curved mesh). The max location and the delimiting box are on the undeformed mesh.

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> u = field("h1xyz")
>>> u.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> maxdataondeformedmesh = p.max(vol, u, 1)

`min`

def min(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> List[float]

This gives the min value of the parameter over the geometric region physreg. The min value is obtained by splitting all elements refinement times in each direction. Increasing the refinement will thus lead to a more accurate min value, but at an increased computational cost. The min value is exact when the refinement nodes added to the elements correspond to the position of min. For a first-order nodal shape function interpolation, on a mesh that is not curved, the min is always exact to machine precision.

Examples

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> x = field("x")
>>> p = 2*x
>>> mindata = p.min(vol, 1)
>>> mindata[0]
-2.0

>>> mindatainbox = p.min(vol, 5, [-2,0, -2,2, -2,2])

The min value can also be evaluated on the geometry deformed by a field (possibly a curved mesh). The min location and the delimiting box are on the undeformed mesh.

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> u = field("h1xyz")
>>> u.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> mindataondeformedmesh = p.min(vol, u, 1)

`print`

def print(
    self
) ‑> None

This prints the information on the parameter to the console.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> E = parameter()
>>> E.setvalue(vol, 150e9)
>>> E.print()

`setvalue`

def setvalue(
    self,
    physreg: int,
    input: expression,
    op: str = 'set'
) ‑> None

This sets the parameter ìnput on the physical region physreg.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> E = parameter()
>>> E.setvalue(vol, 150e9)

`write`

def write(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> None

This evaluates a parameter in the physical region physreg and writes it to the file filename. The lagrangeorder is the order of interpolation for the evaluation of the parameter.

Examples

>>> # setup
>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> u = field("h1xyz")
>>> v = field("h1", [1,2,3])
>>> u.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>>
>>> # interpolation order for writing a parameter
>>> p = parameter()
>>> p.setvalue(1e8*u)
>>> p.write(vol, "uorder1.vtk", 1)    # interpolation order is 1
>>> p.write(vol, "uorder3.vtk", 3)    # interpolation order is 3

`port`

class port(
    **kwargs
)

The port object represents a scalar lumped quantity.

Examples

A port object with an initial zero value is created as:

>>> V = port()

A multi-harmonic port object with an initial zero value can be created by passing a list of harmonic numbers. Refer to the multi-harmonic field constructor for the meaning of the harmonic numbers.

>>> V = port([2,3])

Methods

`cos`

def cos(
    self,
    freqindex: int
) ‑> quanscient.port

This gets a port that is the harmonic at freqindex times the fundamental frequency in port V.

Example

>>> V = port([1,2,3,4,5])
>>> Vs = V.cos(0)
>>> Vs.getharmonics()
1

`getharmonics`

def getharmonics(
    self
) ‑> List[int]

This returns the list of harmonics of the port object.

Example

>>> V = port([1,2,3])
>>> harms = V.getharmonics()
>>> harms
[1, 2, 3]

`getname`

def getname(
    self
) ‑> str

This gets the name of the port object.

Example

>>> V = port()
>>> V.setname("LumpedMass")
>>> V.getname()
'LumpedMass'

`getvalue`

def getvalue(
    self
) ‑> float

This returns the value of the port object.

Example

>>> V = port()
>>> V.setvalue(-1.2)
>>> val = V.getvalue()
>>> val
-1.2

`harmonic`

def harmonic(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> quanscient.port

This returns a port that is the harmonic/list of harmonics of the port object.

Example

>>> V = port([1,2,3])
>>> V23 = V.harmonic([2,3])
>>> V23.getharmonics()
[2, 3]

`print`

def print(
    self
) ‑> None

This prints the information of the port object.

Example

>>> V = port([2,3])                 # create a multi-harmonic port object
>>> V.harmonic(2).setvalue(1)       # set the value of 2nd harmonic
>>> V.harmonic(3).setvalue(0.5)     # set the value of 3rd harmonic
>>> V.print()
Port harmonic 2 has value 1
Port harmonic 3 has value 0.5

`setname`

def setname(
    self,
    name: str
) ‑> None

This sets the name for the port object.

Example

>>> V = port()
>>> V.setname("LumpedMass")
>>> V.print()
Port LumpedMass has value 0

`setvalue`

def setvalue(
    self,
    portval: float
) ‑> None

This sets the value of the port object.

Examples

>>> V = port()
>>> V.setvalue(10.0)
>>> V.print()
Port has value 10

To set the value of a multi-harmonic port:

>>> V = port([2,3])                 # create a multi-harmonic port object
>>> V.harmonic(2).setvalue(1)       # set the value of 2nd harmonic
>>> V.harmonic(3).setvalue(0.5)     # set the value of 3rd harmonic
>>> V.print()
Port harmonic 2 has value 1
Port harmonic 3 has value 0.5

`sin`

def sin(
    self,
    freqindex: int
) ‑> quanscient.port

This gets a port that is the harmonic at freqindex times the fundamental frequency in port V.

Example

>>> V = port([1,2,3,4,5])
>>> Vs = V.sin(2)
>>> Vs.getharmonics()
4

`preconditioner`

class preconditioner

`shape`

class shape(
    **kwargs
)

The shape objects are meshed geometric entities. The mesh created based on shapes can be written in .msh format at any time for visualization in GMSH. It might be needed to change the color and visibility options in the menu Tools > Options > Mesh of GMSH.

Examples

Depending on the number and type of arguments, different shape objects can be created for different purposes.

Creates a shape with the coordinates of all nodes provided as input:
- Example 2: for points and lines: myshape = shape(shapename:str, physreg:int, coords:List[double])
Creates a shape based on the coordinates of the corner nodes in the shape
- Example 3: for lines and arcs: myshape = shape(shapename:str, physreg:int, coords:List[double], nummeshpts:int)
- Example 4: for triangles and quadrangles: myshape = shape(shapename:str, physreg:int, coords:List[double], nummeshpts:List[int])
Creates a shape based on sub-shapes provided.
- Example 5: for lines and arcs: myshape = shape(shapename:str, physreg:int, subshapes:List[shape], nummeshpts:int)
- Example 6: for straight-edged triangles and quadrangles: myshape = shape(shapename:str, physreg:int, subshapes:List[shape], nummeshpts:List[int])
- Example 7: for curved triangles and quadrangles. Also, union of several shapes: myshape = shape(shapename:str, physreg:int, subshapes:List[shape])
Creates a disk shape.
- Example 8: myshape = shape(shapename:str, physreg:int, centercoords:List[double], radius:double, nummeshpts:int)
- Example 9: myshape = shape(shapename:str, physreg:int, centerpoint:shape, radius:double, nummeshpts:int)

Example 1: Creating an empty shape object

>>> myshape = shape()

Example 2: myshape = shape(shapename:str, physreg:int, coords:List[double]). This can be used to create a line going through a list of nodes whose x,y,z coordinates are provided. A physical region number is also provided to have access to the geometric regions of interest in the finite element simulation.

>>> linephysicalregion  = 1
>>> myline = shape("line", linephysicalregion, [0,0,0, 0.5,0.5,0, 1,1,0, 1.5,1,0, 2,1,0])
>>> mymesh = mesh([myline])
>>> mymesh.write("meshed.msh")

If the nodes in the mesh need to be accessed, a point shape object can be created with corresponding nodal coordinates. The nodes can then be accessed through the physical region provided.

>>> pointphysicalregion = 2
>>> point1_coords = [0,0,0]
>>> point2_coords = [2,1,0]
>>> mypoint1 = shape("point", pointphysicalregion, point1_coords)
>>> mypoint2 = shape("point", pointphysicalregion, point2_coords)
>>> # Points 1 and 2 are now available in the `pointphysicalregion=2`.
>>>
>>> p = field("h1")
>>> p.setorder(linephysicalregion, 1)
>>> p.setconstraint(pointphysicalregion, 2) # Dirichlet boundary constraint will be applied on points 1 and 2

Example 3: myshape = shape(shapename:str, physreg:int, coords:List[double], nummeshpts:int) This can be used to create: a straight line between the first (x1,y1,z1) and last point (x2,y2,z2) provided. a circular arc between the first (x1,y1,z1) and second point (x2,y2,z2) whose center is the third point (x3,y3,z3). The nummeshpts argument corresponds to the number of nodes in the meshed shape. At least two nodes are expected.

>>> linephysicalregion=1; arcphysicalregion=1
>>> myline = shape("line", linephysicalregion, [0,0,0, 1,-1,1], 10)     # creates a line mesh with 10 nodes
>>> myarc = shape("arc", arcphysicalregion, [1,0,0, 0,1,0, 0,0,0], 8)   # creates an arc mesh with 8 nodes
>>> mymesh = mesh([myline, myarc])
>>> mymesh.write("meshed.msh")

Example 4: myshape = shape(shapename:str, physreg:int, coords:List[double], nummeshpts:List[int]) This can be used to create: a straight-edge quadrangle with a full quadrangle structured mesh. a straight-edge triangle with s structured mesh made of triangles along the edge linking the second and third node and quadrangles everywhere else.

>>> quadranglephysicalregion=1; trianglephysicalregion=2
>>> myquadrangle = shape("quadrangle", quadranglephysicalregion, [0,0,0, 1,0,0, 1,1,0, -0.5,1,0], [12,10,12,10])
>>> mytriangle = shape("triangle", trianglephysicalregion, [1,0,0, 2,0,0, 1,1,0], [10,10,10])
>>> mymesh = mesh([myquadrangle, mytriangle])
>>> mymesh.write("meshed.msh")
The <code>coords</code> argument provides the <code>x,y,z</code>coordinates of the corner nodes. E.g. (0,0,0), (1,0,0), (1,1,0) and (-0.5,1,0) for the quadrangle.
The <code>nummeshpts</code> argument specifies the number of nodes to mesh each of the contour lines. At least two nodes are expected for each contour line.
All contour lines must have the same number of nodes for the triangle shape while for the quadrangle shape the contour lines facing each other
must have the same number of nodes.

Example 5: myshape = shape(shapename:str, physreg:int, subshapes:List[shape], nummeshpts:int) This can be used to create the following shapes from the list of subshapes provided: a straight line between the first (x1,y1,z1) and last point (x2,y2,z2) provided. a circle arc between the first (x1,y1,z1) and second point (x2,y2,z2) whose center is the third point. The nummeshpts argument corresponds to the number of nodes in the meshed shape.

>>> # Point subshapes
>>> point1 = shape("point", -1, [0,0,0])
>>> point2 = shape("point", -1, [1,0,0])
>>> point3 = shape("point", -1, [0,1,0])
>>> point4 = shape("point", -1, [1,-1,1])
>>>>
>>> # Creating line and arc shapes from point subshapes
>>> linephysicalregion=1; arcphysicalregion=2
>>> myline = shape("line", linephysicalregion, [point1, point4], 10)
>>> myarc = shape("arc", arcphysicalregion, [point2, point3, point1], 8)
>>> mymesh = mesh([myline, myarc])
>>> mymesh.write("meshed.msh")

Example 6: myshape = shape(shapename:str, physreg:int, subshapes:List[shape], nummeshpts:List[int]) This can be used to create the following shapes from the list of subshpaes provided: a straight-edge quadrangle with a full quadrangle structured mesh a straight-edge triangle with a structured mesh made of triangles along the edge linking the second and third nodes and quadrangles everywhere. The subshapes argument provides the list of corner point shapes. The nummeshptsargument gives the number of nodes to mesh each of the contour lines. At least two nodes are expected for each contour line. All contour lines must have the same number of nodes for the triangle shape while for the quadrangle shape the contour lines facing each other must have the same number of nodes.

>>> # Point subshapes
>>> point1 = shape("point", -1, [0,0,0])
>>> point2 = shape("point", -1, [1,0,0])
>>> point3 = shape("point", -1, [1,1,0])
>>> point4 = shape("point", -1, [0,1,0])
>>> point5 = shape("point", -1, [2,0,0])
>>>
>>> # Creating triangle and quadrangle shape from subshapes of corner points
>>> quadranglephysicalregion=1; trianglephysicalregion=2
>>> myquadrangle = shape("quadrangle", quadranglephysicalregion, [point1, point2, point3, point4], [6,8,6,8])
>>> mytriangle = shape("triangle", trianglephysicalregion, [point2, point5, point3], [8,8,8])
>>> mymesh = mesh([myquadrangle, mytriangle])
>>> mymesh.write("meshed.msh")

Example 7: myshape = shape(shapename:str, physreg:int, subshapes:List[shape]) This can be used to create: a curved quadrangle with full quadrangle structured mesh. a curved triangle with structured mesh made of triangles along the edge linking the second and third nodes and quadrangles everywhere. a shape that is the union of several shapes of the same dimension. The subshapes argument provides the contour shapes (clockwise or anti-clockwise). All contour lines must have the same number of nodes for the triangle shape while for quadrangle shape the contour lines facing each other must have the same number of nodes.

>>> # Creating subshapes
>>> line1 = shape("line", -1, [-1,-1,0, 1,-1,0], 10)
>>> arc2 = shape("arc", -1, [1,-1,0, 1,1,0, 0,0,0], 12)
>>> line3 = shape("line", -1, [1,1,0, -1,1,0], 10)
>>> line4 = shape("line", -1, [-1,1,0, -1,-1,0], 12)
>>> line5 = shape("line", -1, [1,-1,0, 3,-1,0], 12)
>>> arc6 = shape("arc", -1, [3,-1,0, 1,1,0, 1.6,-0.4,0], 12)
>>>
>>> quadranglephysicalregion=1; trianglephysicalregion=2; unionphysicalregion=3
>>> myquadrangle = shape("quadrangle", quadranglephysicalregion, [line1, arc2, line3, line4])
>>> mytriangle = shape("triangle", trianglephysicalregion,[line5, arc6, arc2])
>>> myunion = shape("union", unionphysicalregion, [line1, arc2, line3, line4])
>>>
>>> mymesh = mesh([myquadrangle, mytriangle, myunion])
>>> mymesh.write("meshed.msh")

Example 8: myshape = shape(shapename:str, physreg:int, centercoords:List[double], radius:double, nummeshpts:int) This is used to create a 2D disk with structured mesh centered around centercoords. The nummeshptsargument corresponds to the number of nodes in the contour circle of the disk. Since the disk has a structured mesh, the number of mesh nodes must be a multiple of 4. The radius argument provides the radius of the disk.

>>> diskphysicalregion=1
>>> mydisk = shape("disk", diskphysicalregion, [1,0,0], 2, 40)
>>> mymesh = mesh([mydisk])
>>> mymesh.write("meshed.msh")

Example 9: myshape = shape(shapename:str, physreg:int, centerpoint:shape, radius:double, nummeshpts:int) This is used to create a 2D disk with structured mesh centered around point shape centerpoint. The nummeshpts argument corresponds to the number of nodes in the contour circle of the disk. Since the disk has a structured mesh, the number of mesh nodes must be a multiple of 4. The radius argument provides the radius of the disk.

>>> diskphysicalregion=1
>>> centerpoint = shape("point", -1, [1,0,0])
>>> mydisk = shape("disk", diskphysicalregion, centerpoint, 2, 40)
>>> mymesh = mesh([mydisk])
>>> mymesh.write("meshed.msh")

Methods

`duplicate`

def duplicate(
    self
) ‑> quanscient.shape

This outputs a shape that is a duplicate of the initial shape. All the subshapes are duplicated recursively as well but the object equality relations between subshapes are identical between a shape and its duplicate.

Example

>>> myquadrangle = shape("quadrangle", 1, [-1,-1,0, 1,-1,0, 1,1,0, -1,1,0], [6,8,6,8])
>>> otherquadrangle = myquadrangle.duplicate()

`extrude`

def extrude(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> quanscient.shape

A given shape is extruded in the requested direction (z by default) to form a higher dimensional shape. The extrude function works for 0D, 1D and 2D shapes.

Parameters

physreg : int : Physical region to which the extruded shape is set.

height : double : Height of extrusion in the requested direction.

numlayers : int : Value specifying the number of node layers the extruded mesh should contain.

extrudedirection : List[int] : Unit vector specifying the direction of extrusion.

Examples

Example 1: myshape = shape.extrude(physreg:int, height:double, numlayers:int, extrudedirection:List[double])

>>> myquadrangle = shape("quadrangle", 1, [-1,-1,0, 1,-1,0, 1,1,0, -1,1,0], [2,2,2,2])
>>> volumephysicalregion = 100
>>> myvolume = myquadrangle.extrude(volumephysicalregion, 1.4, 6, [0,0,1])
>>> mymesh = mesh([myvolume])
>>> mymesh.write("meshed.msh")

Example 2: myshape = shape.extrude(physreg:List[int], height:List[double], numlayers:[int], extrudedirection:List[double]). This extends the extrude function to multiblock extrusion.

>>> mytriangle = shape("triangle", 1, [0,0,0, 1,0,0, 0,1,0], [6,6,6])
>>>
>>> '''
>>> Creating multiblock extrusion:
>>> ---------|----------|----------|-----------
>>> block    | physreg  |  height  |  numlayers
>>> ---------|----------|----------|-----------
>>> Block 1: |    11    |   0.5    |    3
>>> Block 2: |    12    |   0.3    |    5
>>> ---------|----------|----------|-----------
>>> In block 1, the initial shape is extruded to a height of 0.5 and contains 3 node layers and the extruded shape is set to physical region 11.
>>> In block 2, the initial shape is extruded to a height of 0.3 (starting from height 0.5) and contains 5 node layers and the extruded shape is set to physical region 12.
>>> '''
>>> myvolumes = mytriangle.extrude([11,12], [0.5,0.3], [3,5], [0,0,1])    # creates two extruded shapes
>>> mymesh = mesh(myvolumes)
>>> mymesh.write("meshed.msh")

`getcoords`

def getcoords(
    self
) ‑> List[float]

This returns the coordinates of all nodes in the shape mesh.

Examples

>>> myquadrangle = shape("quadrangle", 555, [0,0,0, 1,0,0, 1,1,0, 0,1,0], [2,2,2,2])
>>> myquadrangle.getcoords()
[0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0]

`getcurvatureorder`

def getcurvatureorder(
    self
) ‑> int

This returns the curvature order of a given shape.

Example

>>> q = shape("quadrangle", 1, [0,0,0, 1,0,0, 1,1,0, 0,1,0], [2,2,2,2])
>>> q.getcurvatureorder()
1

`getdimension`

def getdimension(
    self
) ‑> int

This gives the shape dimension (0D, 1D, 2D or 3D).

Examples

>>> mypoint = shape("point", 111, [0,0,0])
>>> mypoint.getdimension()
0
>>>
>>> myline = shape("line", 222, [0,0,0, 0.5,0.5,0, 1,1,0, 1.5,1,0, 2,1,0])
>>> myline.getdimension()
1
>>>
>>> myarc = shape("arc", 333, [1,0,0, 0,1,0, 0,0,0], 8)
>>> myarc.getdimension()
1
>>>
>>> mytriangle = shape("triangle", 444, [1,0,0, 2,0,0, 1,1,0], [10,10,10])
>>> mytriangle.getdimension()
2
>>>
>>> myquadrangle = shape("quadrangle", 555, [0,0,0, 1,0,0, 1,1,0, 0,1,0], [6,8,6,8])
>>> myquadrangle.getdimension()
2
>>>
>>> mylines = myquadrangle.getsons()
>>> mylines[0].getdimension()
1

`getname`

def getname(
    self
) ‑> str

This returns the name of the shape.

Examples

>>> mypoint = shape("point", 111, [0,0,0])
>>> mypoint.getname()
'point'
>>>
>>> myline = shape("line", 222, [0,0,0, 0.5,0.5,0, 1,1,0, 1.5,1,0, 2,1,0])
>>> myline.getname()
'line'
>>>
>>> myarc = shape("arc", 333, [1,0,0, 0,1,0, 0,0,0], 8)
>>> myarc.getname()
'arc'
>>>
>>> mytriangle = shape("triangle", 444, [1,0,0, 2,0,0, 1,1,0], [10,10,10])
>>> mytriangle.getname()
'triangle'
>>>
>>> myquadrangle = shape("quadrangle", 555, [0,0,0, 1,0,0, 1,1,0, 0,1,0], [6,8,6,8])
>>> myquadrangle.getname()
'quadrangle'
>>>
>>> mylines = myquadrangle.getsons()
>>> mylines[0].getname()
'line'

`getphysicalregion`

def getphysicalregion(
    self
) ‑> int

This gives the physical region number for a given shape. The physical region is used in the finite element simulation to identify a region.

Returns

int: : Returns -1 if the physical region was not set, else a corresponding positive integer.

Examples

>>> myquadrangle = shape("quadrangle", 111, [0,0,0, 1,0,0, 1,1,0, 0,1,0], [6,8,6,8])
>>> mylines = myquadrangle.getsons()
>>>
>>> myline1 = mylines[0]
>>> myline1.setphysicalregion(2)
>>> myline1.getphysicalregion()
2
>>>
>>> myline2 = mylines[1]
>>> myline1.getphysicalregion()
-1

`getsons`

def getsons(
    self
) ‑> List[quanscient.shape]

This returns a list containing the direct subshapes of the shape object. For a quadrangle, its 4 contour lines are returned. For a triangle, its 3 contour lines are returned.

Example

>>> myquadrangle = shape("quadrangle", 111, [0,0,0, 1,0,0, 1,1,0, 0,1,0], [6,8,6,8])
>>> mylines = myquadrangle.getsons()
>>> for myline in mylines:
...     myline.setphysicalregion(2)
...
>>> mymesh = mesh(mylines)
>>> mymesh.write("meshed.msh")

`move`

def move(
    self,
    u: expression
) ‑> None

This moves the shape (and all its subshapes recursively) in the x,y and z direction by a value provided in the 3x1 expression array. When moving multiple shapes that share common subshapes, ensure that subshapes are not moved multiple times.

Parameter

u: expression 3x1 array expression that specifies the values by which shape is moved in x,y,z direction

Example

>>> x=field("x"); y=field("y"); z=field("z")
>>> myquadrangle = shape("quadrangle", 1, [-1,-1,0, 1,-1,0, 1,1,0, -1,1,0], [12,16,12,16])
>>> myquadrangle.move(array3x1(0,x,sin(x*y)))
>>> mymesh = mesh([myquadrangle])
>>> mymesh.write("meshed.msh")

`rotate`

def rotate(
    self,
    alphax: float,
    alphay: float,
    alphaz: float
) ‑> None

This rotates the shape (and all its subshapes recursively) first by alphax degrees around the x-axis, then alphay degrees around the y-axis and finally alphaz degrees around the z-axis. When rotating multiple shapes that share common subshapes make sure that subshapes are not rotated multiple times.

Parameters

alphax : double : Degrees by which the shape is rotated around the x-axis.

alphay : double : Degrees by which the shape is rotated around the y-axis.

alphaz : double : Degrees by which the shape is rotated around the z-axis.

Example

>>> myquadrangle = shape("quadrangle", 1, [-1,-1,0, 1,-1,0, 1,1,0, -1,1,0], [6,8,6,8])
>>> myquadrangle.rotate(0,0,45)
>>> mymesh = mesh([myquadrangle])
>>> mymesh.write("meshed.msh")

`scale`

def scale(
    self,
    scalex: float,
    scaley: float,
    scalez: float
) ‑> None

This scales the shape (and all its subspaces recursively) in the x,y and z directions by a given factor. A factor of 1 keeps the shape unchanged. When scaling multiple shapes that share common subshapes make sure the subshapes are not scaled multiple times.

Parameters

scalex : double : Value by which the shape is scaled in x-direction.

scaley : double : Value by which the shape is scaled in y-direction.

scalez : double : Value by which the shape is scaled in z-direction.

Example

>>> myquadrangle = shape("quadrangle", 1, [-1,-1,0, 1,-1,0, 1,1,0, -1,1,0], [6,8,6,8])
>>> myquadrangle.scale(2,0.5,2)
>>> mymesh = mesh([myquadrangle])
>>> mymesh.write("meshed.msh")

`setphysicalregion`

def setphysicalregion(
    self,
    physreg: int
) ‑> None

This sets the physical region number for a given shape. Subshapes are not affected. The physical region is used in the finite element simulation to identify a region.

Parameters

physreg : int : An integer identifying the physical region.

Example

>>> quadphysicalregion=1; linephysicalregion=2
>>> myquadrangle = shape("quadrangle", quadphysicalregion, [0,0,0, 1,0,0, 1,1,0, 0,1,0], [6,8,6,8])
>>> myline = myquadrangle.getsons()[0]  # the shape 'myline' is not associated with any physical region yet.
>>> myline.setphysicalregion(linephysicalregion)
>>> mymesh = mesh([myquadrangle, myline])
>>> mymesh.write("meshed.msh")

`shift`

def shift(
    self,
    shiftx: float,
    shifty: float,
    shiftz: float
) ‑> None

This shifts the shape (and all its subshapes recursively) in the x,y, and z directions by a double value. When shifting multiple shapes that share common subshapes make sure the subspaces are not shifted multiple times.

Parameters

shiftx : double : Value by which the shape is moved in the x-direction.

shifty : double : Value by which the shape is moved in the y-direction.

shiftz : double : Value by which the shape is moved in the z-direction.

Example

>>> myquadrangle = shape("quadrangle", 1, [-1,-1,0, 1,-1,0, 1,1,0, -1,1,0], [6,8,6,8])
>>> myquadrangle.shift(1,1,2)
>>> mymesh = mesh([myquadrangle])
>>> mymesh.write("meshed.msh")

`spanningtree`

class spanningtree(
    physregs: List[int]
)

The spanningtree object holds a spanning tree whose edges go through all nodes in the mesh without forming a loop. The tree growth starts on the physical regions provided as an argument.

Parameters

physregs : List[int] : List of physical regions where the spanning tree is first fully grown before being extended everywhere.

Example

A spanning tree object is created by passing the physical regions 'sur' and 'top'. Hence, here the tree is first fully grown on face regions 'sur' and 'top' before extending everywhere.

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol=1; sur=2; top=3;    # physical regions
>>> spantree = spannintree([sur, top])

Methods

`countedgesintree`

def countedgesintree(
    self
) ‑> int

This returns the number of edges in the spanning tree.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol=1; sur=2; top=3;    # physical regions
>>> spantree = spannintree([sur, top])
>>> spantree.countedgesintree()
1859

`write`

def write(
    self,
    filename: str
) ‑> None

This writes the tree into a file for visualization.

Parameters

filename : str : Name of the file to which the data samples are written.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol=1; sur=2; top=3;    # physical regions
>>> spantree = spannintree([sur, top])
>>> spantree.write("spantree.vtk")

`spline`

class spline(
    **kwargs
)

The spline object allows interpolation in a discrete data set using cubic (natural) splines.

Raises

RuntimeError : If a mesh object is not available before creating a spline object.

Notes

Before creating a spline object, ensure that a mesh object is available. If a mesh object is not already available, create an empty mesh object.

Examples

Say the data samples are in a text file, with each data separated by "," as shown below:

>>> 273,5e9,300,4e9,320,2.5e9,340,1e9

A spline object can then be created by reading the x-y data contained in the text file.

>>> mymesh = mesh()     # if a mesh object is not already available.
>>> spl1 = spline(filename="measured.txt", delimiter="\n")

The x-y data samples can also be provided in two separate lists or tuples. In that case, a spline object is created as follows:

>>> mymesh = mesh()     # if a mesh object is not already available.
>>> temperature = (273, 300, 320, 340)
>>> youngsmodulus = (5e9, 4e9, 2.5e9, 1e9)
>>> spl2 = spline(xin=temperature, yin=youngsmodulus)

Notes

The ordering of the samples provided does not matter. Internally they are always sorted in the ascending order of data.

Methods

`evalat`

def evalat(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> float

Interpolates at given point(s) that falls within the original data range provided.

Parameters

input : double or List[double] or Tuple(double) : An point or a list/tuple of points for interpolation.

Returns

double : an interpolated scalar value if the input was a scalar.

List[double] : a list of interpolated values if the input was a list/tuple.

Raises

RuntimeError : If at least one of the inputs for interpolation is outside the range of the original data samples provided.

Examples

>>> mymesh = mesh()     # if a mesh object is not already available.
>>>
>>> temperature = (320, 273, 340, 300)          # original x input
>>> youngsmodulus = (2.5e9, 5e9, 1e9, 4e9)      # original y input
>>> spl = spline(temperature, youngsmodulus)

Example 1:

>>> spl.evalat(303)
4199390995.630462

Example 2:

>>> spl.evalat([298,304,275])
[3912277862.548358, 4278701622.971286, 4835693423.344276]

Example 3:

>>> spl.evalat(250)
RuntimeError: Error in 'spline' object: data requested in the interval (250,250) is out of the provided data range (273,340)

Example 4:

>>> spl.evalat([290, 310, 400])
RuntimeError: Error in 'spline' object: data requested in the interval (290,400) is out of the provided data range (273,340)

`getderivative`

def getderivative(
    self
) ‑> quanscient.spline

This returns the derivative of the spline.

The spline polynomial and its derivative :

Returns

spline : spline object that holds the data samples corresponding to the derivative of the spline.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh()     # if a mesh object is not already available.
>>>
>>> temperature = (273, 300, 320, 340)
>>> youngsmodulus = (5e9, 4e9, 2.5e9, 1e9)
>>>
>>> spl = spline(temperature, youngsmodulus)
>>> spl.write("spline_data.txt", 0, ",")
273,5000000000,300,4000000000,320,5000000000,340,1000000000
>>>
>>> dspl = spl.getderivative()
>>> dspl.write("splinederivative_data.txt", 0, ",")
273,-82402205.576362908,300,53693300.041614674,320,-58198085.726175644,340,-270900957.13691229

`getxmax`

def getxmax(
    self
) ‑> float

This returns the maximum value that input takes in the original data provided.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh()     # if a mesh object is not already available.
>>>
>>> temperature = (320, 273, 340, 300)          # original x input
>>> youngsmodulus = (2.5e9, 5e9, 1e9, 4e9)      # original y input
>>> spl = spline(temperature, youngsmodulus)
>>> spl.getxmax()
340

`getxmin`

def getxmin(
    self
) ‑> float

This returns the minimum value that input takes in the original data provided.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh()     # if a mesh object is not already available.
>>>
>>> temperature = (320, 273, 340, 300)          # original x input
>>> youngsmodulus = (2.5e9, 5e9, 1e9, 4e9)      # original y input
>>> spl = spline(temperature, youngsmodulus)
>>> spl.getxmin()
273

`set`

def set(
    self,
    xin: List[float],
    yin: List[float]
) ‑> None

`write`

def write(
    self,
    filename: str,
    numsplits: int,
    delimiter: str = '\n'
) ‑> None

This writes to file a refined version of the original data samples with data sorted in ascending order. It can be used to visualize the interpolation obtained with cubic splines.

Parameters

filename : str : Name of the file to which the data samples are written.

numsplits : int : The number of additional points between two successive input considered for evaluation and subsequent writing. Minimum value required is .

delimiter : str, optional : String specifying the delimiter. The default value is "\n".

Raises

RuntimeError : If numsplits < 0. Minimum value required is .

Examples

Create a spline object:

>>> mymesh = mesh()     # if a mesh object is not already available.
>>>
>>> temperature = (320, 273, 340, 300)          # original x input
>>> youngsmodulus = (2.5e9, 5e9, 1e9, 4e9)      # original y input
>>> spl = spline(temperature, youngsmodulus)

Example 1: If numsplits = 0, no additional points are considered and the original data samples are written.

>>> numsplits = 0
>>> spl.write("spline_data.txt", numsplits, ",")
273,5000000000,300,4000000000,320,5000000000,340,1000000000

Example 2: If numsplits = 1, between two successive inputs, one additional point is considered for evaluation and subsequent writing.

>>> numsplits = 1
>>> spl.write("spline_data.txt", numsplits, "\n")
273
5000000000
286.5
4040677668.5393257
300
4000000000
310
4779728464.4194756
320
5000000000
330
3531757178.5268416
340
1000000000

Similarly, if numsplits = 2, between two successive inputs, two additional points are considered for evaluation and subsequent writing.

`universe`

class universe

Class variables

`cohomologycuts`

`ddmcoefs`

Type: list

`extraintegrationorder`

`gmresmodifiedgramschmidt`

`maxnumthreads`

`mortarsearchmiss`

`mortarsearchradius`

`roundoffnoiselevel`

`writeownedonly`

`writetobinary`

Static methods

`getmaxnumthreads`

def getmaxnumthreads() ‑> int

`setmaxnumthreads`

def setmaxnumthreads(
    mnt: int
) ‑> None

`vec`

class vec(
    **kwargs
)

The vec object holds a vector, be it the solution vector of an algebraic problem or its right-hand side.

Examples

Example 1: vec(formul:formulation) This creates an all-zero vector whose structure and size is the one of formulation projection.

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol=1; sur=2
>>> v = field("h1")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> projection = formulation()
>>> projection += integral(vol, dof(v)*tf(v) - 2*tf(v))
>>>
>>> b = vec(projection)

Example 2: vec(vecsize:int, addresses:indexmat, vals:densemat) This creates a vector with given values at given addresses.

>>> allinitialize()
>>> addresses = indexmat(3,1, [0,1,2])
>>> vals = densemat(3,1, [5,10,20])
>>>
>>> b = vec(3, addresses, vals)
>>> b.print()

Vec Object: 1 MPI processes type: seq 5. 10. 20.

>>> allfinalize()

Methods

`copy`

def copy(
    self
) ‑> quanscient.vec

This creates a full copy of the vector object.

Examples

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> v = field("h1")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> projection = formulation()
>>> projection += integral(vol, dof(v)*tf(v) - 2*tf(v))
>>> sol = vec(projection)
>>>
>>> copiedvec = sol.copy()

`getallvalues`

def getallvalues(
    self
) ‑> quanscient.densemat

This gets the values of all the entries of the vector in sequential order.

Returns

densemat : A column matrix with the number of rows equal to the vector object size.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol=1; sur=2    >>> v = field("h1")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> projection = formulation()
>>> projection += integral(vol, dof(v)*tf(v) - 2*tf(v))
>>>
>>> myvec = vec(projection)                 # creates a zero vector
>>>
>>> vals = densemat(myvec.size(),1, 12)
>>> myvec.setallvalues(vals)                # all the entries now contain a value of 12
>>>
>>> vecvals = myvec.getallvalues()

`getvalue`

def getvalue(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> float

This gets the value of the vector object at the given address. The address provides the index at which the entry is requested.

Parameters

address : int : Index at which the entry of a vector is requested.

Returns

densemat : A matrix of size .

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol=1; sur=2    >>> v = field("h1")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> projection = formulation()
>>> projection += integral(vol, dof(v)*tf(v) - 2*tf(v))
>>>
>>> myvec = vec(projection)                 # creates a zero vector
>>>
>>> vals = densemat(myvec.size(),1, 12)
>>> myvec.setallvalues(vals)                # all the entries now contain a value of 12
>>>
>>> vecvals = myvec.getvalue(2)

`getvalues`

def getvalues(
    self,
    addresses: indexmat
) ‑> quanscient.densemat

This gets the values in the vector that are at the indices given in addresses.

Parameters

addresses : indexmat : A column matrix storing the indices at which the entries of a vector are requested.

Returns

densemat : A column matrix with number of rows equal to the length of the addresses.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol=1; sur=2    >>> v = field("h1")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> projection = formulation()
>>> projection += integral(vol, dof(v)*tf(v) - 2*tf(v))
>>>
>>> myvec = vec(projection)                 # creates a zero vector
>>>
>>> vals = densemat(myvec.size(),1, 12)
>>> myvec.setallvalues(vals)                # all the entries now contain a value of 12
>>>
>>> addresses = indexmat(myvec.size(),1, 0,1)
>>> vecvals = myvec.getvalues(addresses)

`load`

def load(
    self,
    filename: str
) ‑> None

This loads the data of a vector object from a file (either .bin or .txt ASCII format). This only works correctly if the dof structure of the calling vector object is the same as that of the vector object from which the file was written to the disk. In other words, the same set of formulation contributions must be defined in the same order.

Examples

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> v = field("h1")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> projection = formulation()
>>> projection += integral(vol, dof(v)*tf(v) - 2*tf(v))
>>> sol = vec(projection)
>>> sol.write("vecdata.bin")        # writes the vector data to a file
>>>
>>> loadedvec = vec(projection)
>>> loadedvec.load("vecdata.bin")   # loads the data to the vector object

`noautomaticupdate`

def noautomaticupdate(
    self
) ‑> None

After this call, the vector object will not have its value automatically updated after hp-adaptivity. If the automatic update is not needed then this call is recommended to avoid a possibly costly update to the vector values.

Examples

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> v = field("h1")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> projection = formulation()
>>> projection += integral(vol, dof(v)*tf(v) - 2*tf(v))
>>> sol = vec(projection)
>>>
>>> sol.noautomaticupdate()

`norm`

def norm(
    self,
    type: str = '2'
) ‑> float

This returns the , or norm of the vector. The default is the norm.

Examples

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> v = field("h1")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> projection = formulation()
>>> projection += integral(vol, dof(v)*tf(v) - 2*tf(v))
>>> sol = vec(projection)
>>>
>>> vals = densemat(sol.size(),1, 12)
>>> sol.setallvalues(vals)                # all the entries now contain a value of 12
>>>
>>> sol.norm()
108.6646

`permute`

def permute(
    self,
    rowpermute: indexmat,
    invertit: bool = False
) ‑> None

This rearranges the vector in the order of indices prescribed in rowpermute. The inverse permutation is performed if the boolean flag invertit is set to True. The rowpermute describes the mapping or inverse mapping function.

Parameters

rowpermute : indexmat : A column matrix storing the order of vector indices for the permutation.

invertit : bool, default: False : If set to True, inverse permutation is performed.

Example

>>> rows = indexmat(6,1, [0,1,2,3,4,5])
>>> vals = densemat(6,1, [00,10,20,30,40,50])
>>>
>>> v = vec(6, rows, vals)
>>> permuterows = indexmat(6,1, [3,1,4,5,0,2])
>>> v.permute(permuterows, invertit=False)
>>> v.print()
Vec Object: 1 MPI processes
type: seq
30.
10.
40.
50.
0.
20.
>>>
>>> # Inverting the permutation on the above will give back the original order of the vector.
>>> v = vec(6, rows, vals)
>>> permuterows = indexmat(6,1, [3,1,4,5,0,2])
>>> v.permute(permuterows, invertit=True)
>>> v.print()
Vec Object: 1 MPI processes
type: seq
0.
10.
20.
30.
40.
50.

`print`

def print(
    self
) ‑> None

This prints the values of the vector object.

Examples

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> v = field("h1")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> projection = formulation()
>>> projection += integral(vol, dof(v)*tf(v) - 2*tf(v))
>>> sol = vec(projection)
>>>
>>> sol.print()

`setallvalues`

def setallvalues(
    self,
    valsmat: densemat,
    op: str = 'set'
) ‑> None

This replaces all the entries in the vector object by the values in valsmat. The addresses of valsmat are assumed to be in sequential order. If op='set', the values are replaced and if op='add' the values are instead added to existing ones. This method works on all the entries.

Parameters

valsmat : densemat : A column matrix storing the values that are replaced in or added to the vector object.

op : str, default: 'set' : Equal to 'set' if the values must be replaced. For adding values to existing ones use 'add' instead.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol=1; sur=2    >>> v = field("h1")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> projection = formulation()
>>> projection += integral(vol, dof(v)*tf(v) - 2*tf(v))
>>>
>>> myvec = vec(projection)                     # creates a zero vector
>>>
>>> vals = densemat(myvec.size(),1, 12)
>>> myvec.setallvalues(vals)

`setdata`

def setdata(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> None

This sets to the vector the data from the fields and ports defined in the formulation.

Examples

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> v = field("h1")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> projection = formulation()
>>> projection += integral(vol, dof(v)*tf(v) - 2*tf(v))
>>> sol = vec(projection)   # creates a zero vector
This transfers the data of a field <code>myfield</code> to the addresses in the vector object corresponding to the physical region <code>physreg</code>.
>>> sol.setdata(vol, v);    # populates the vector with the data from the field v

Example 2: vec.setdata() This transfers to the vector the data from all fields and ports defined in the associated formulation.

>>> ...
>>> sol.setdata();

`setvalue`

def setvalue(
    *args,
    **kwargs
) ‑> None

This replaces the value in the vector object at the given address with the values in value. The 'address' provides the index at which the entry is replaced by value. If op='set', the value is replaced and if op='add' the value is added to the existing one. This method works only on a given single entry.

Parameters

address : int : Index at which the entry of a vector is replaced/added.

value : double : Value that is set/added in the vector object.

op : str, default: 'set' : Equal to 'set' if the value must be replaced. For adding values to existing ones use 'add' instead.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol=1; sur=2    >>> v = field("h1")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> projection = formulation()
>>> projection += integral(vol, dof(v)*tf(v) - 2*tf(v))
>>>
>>> myvec = vec(projection)                     # creates a zero vector
>>>
>>> myvec.setvalue(2, 2.32)

`setvalues`

def setvalues(
    self,
    addresses: indexmat,
    valsmat: densemat,
    op: str = 'set'
) ‑> None

This replaces the values in the vector object at the given addresses with the values in valsmat. If op='set', the values are replaced and if op='add' the values are instead added to existing ones. This method works only on entries given in the addresses.

Parameters

addresses : indexmat : A column matrix storing the indices at which the entries of a vector are replaced/added.

valsmat : densemat : A column matrix storing the values that are replaced in or added to the vector object.

op : str, default: 'set' : Equal to 'set' if the values must be replaced. For adding values to existing ones use 'add' instead.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol=1; sur=2    >>> v = field("h1")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> projection = formulation()
>>> projection += integral(vol, dof(v)*tf(v) - 2*tf(v))
>>>
>>> myvec = vec(projection)                     # creates a zero vector
>>>
>>> addresses = indexmat(myvec.size(),1, 0,1)
>>> vals = densemat(myvec.size(),1, 12)
>>>
>>> myvec.setvalues(addresses, vals)            # op is the default 'set'. All entries are replaced by value 12.
>>> myvec.setvalues(addresses, vals, 'set')     # All entries are replaced by value 12.
>>> myvec.setvalues(addresses, vals, 'add')     # Value 12 is added to all entries.

`size`

def size(
    self
) ‑> int

This returns the size of the vector object. If the vector was instantiated from a formulation, then the vector size is equal to the number of dofs in that formulation.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol=1; sur=2
>>> v = field("h1")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> projection = formulation()
>>> projection += integral(vol, dof(v)*tf(v) - 2*tf(v))
>>>
>>> b = vec(projection)
>>> b.size()
82

`sum`

def sum(
    self
) ‑> float

This returns the sum of all the values in the vector.

Examples

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> v = field("h1")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> projection = formulation()
>>> projection += integral(vol, dof(v)*tf(v) - 2*tf(v))
>>> sol = vec(projection)
>>>
>>> vals = densemat(sol.size(),1, 12)
>>> sol.setallvalues(vals)                # all the entries now contain a value of 12
>>>
>>> sol.sum()
984.0

`updateconstraints`

def updateconstraints(
    self
) ‑> None

This updates the values of all Dirichlet constraint entries in the vector.

Example

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol=1; sur=2
>>> v = field("h1")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> projection = formulation()
>>> projection += integral(vol, dof(v)*tf(v) - 2*tf(v))
>>>
>>> b = vec(projection)
>>>
>>> v.setconstraint(sur, 1)
>>> b.updateconstraints()

`write`

def write(
    self,
    filename: str
) ‑> None

This writes all the data in the vector object to disk in a lossless and compact form. The file can be written in binary .bin format (extremely compact but less portable) or in ASCII .txt format (portable).

Parameters

filename : str : The name of the file to which the data from the vector object is written.

Examples

>>> mymesh = mesh("disk.msh")
>>> vol = 1
>>> v = field("h1")
>>> v.setorder(vol, 1)
>>> projection = formulation()
>>> projection += integral(vol, dof(v)*tf(v) - 2*tf(v))
>>> sol = vec(projection)
>>>
>>> sol.write("vecdata.txt")    # writes the vector data to a file

`vectorfieldselect`

class vectorfieldselect

Methods

`setdata`

def setdata(
    self,
    physreg: int,
    myfield: field,
    op: str = 'set'
) ‑> None

`wallclock`

class wallclock

This initializes the wall clock object.

Methods

`pause`

def pause(
    self
) ‑> None

This pauses the clock. The wallclock.pause() and wallclock.resume() functions allow to time selected operations in loop.

Example

>>> myclock = wallclock()
>>> myclock.pause()
>>> # Do something
>>> myclock.resume()
>>> myclock.print()

`print`

def print(
    self,
    toprint: str = ''
) ‑> None

This prints the time elapsed in the most appropriate format (, , or ). It also prints the message passed in the argument toprint (if any).

Parameters

toprint : str, optional : message to print. The default value is an empty string "".

Example

>>> myclock = wallclock()
>>> myclock.print("Time elapsed")   # or myclock.print()

`resume`

def resume(
    self
) ‑> None

This resumes the clock. The wallclock.pause() and wallclock.resume() functions allow to time selected operations in loop.

Example

>>> myclock = wallclock()
>>> myclock.pause()
>>>
>>> for i in range (0, 10):
>>>     myclock.resume()
>>>     # Do something and time it
>>>     myclock.pause()
>>>     # Do something else
>>> myclock.print()

`tic`

def tic(
    self
) ‑> None

This resets the clock.

Example

>>> myclock = wallclock()
>>> myclock.tic()

`toc`

def toc(
    self
) ‑> float

This returns the time elapsed (in ).

Example

>>> myclock = wallclock()
>>> timeelapsed = myclock.toc()

# Module quanscient

# Functions

# abs

# Example

# acos

# Example

# See Also

# adapt

# Example

# See Also

# alladapt

# Example

# See Also

# allcomputecohomology

# allcomputesparameters

# allfinalize

# allgather

# allinitialize

# allintegrate

# allmeasuredistance

# allpartition

# Example

# allsolve

# Example

# See Also

# andpositive

# Example

# See Also

# array1x1

# Parameters

# Example

# array1x2

# Parameters

# Example

# array1x3

# Parameters

# Example

# array2x1

# Parameters

# Example

# array2x2

# Parameters

# Example

# array2x3

# Parameters

# Example

# array3x1

# Parameters

# Example

# array3x2

# Parameters

# Example

# array3x3

# Parameters

# Example

# asin

# Example

# See Also

# atan

# Example

# See Also

# barrier

# Example

# Notes

# broadcast

# cn

# comp

# Example

# See Also

# complexdivision

# complexinverse

# complexproduct

# compx

# Example

# See Also

# compy

# Example

# See Also

# compz

# Example

Module `quanscient`

Functions

`abs`

Example

`acos`

Example

See Also

`adapt`

Example

See Also

`alladapt`

Example

See Also

`allcomputecohomology`

`allcomputesparameters`

`allfinalize`

`allgather`

`allinitialize`

`allintegrate`

`allmeasuredistance`

`allpartition`

Example

`allsolve`

Example

See Also

`andpositive`

Example

See Also

`array1x1`

Parameters

Example

`array1x2`

Parameters

Example

`array1x3`

Parameters

Example

`array2x1`

Parameters

Example

`array2x2`

Parameters

Example

`array2x3`

Parameters

Example

`array3x1`

Parameters

Example

`array3x2`

Parameters

Example

`array3x3`

Parameters

Example

`asin`

Example

See Also

`atan`

Example

See Also

`barrier`

Example

Notes

`broadcast`

`cn`

`comp`

Example

See Also

`complexdivision`

`complexinverse`

`complexproduct`

`compx`

Example

See Also

`compy`

Example

See Also

`compz`

Example